Rural management is always worth studying from different aspects. Performance of rural management is one of these aspects that plays an effective role in the process of developing and strengthening. Investigation and analysis of the role of management in development, physical dimension and reduction of physical vulnerability in rural areas is in line with sustainable development. The physical dimension, as part of the process of sustainable regional development, provides the basis for the stabilization, maintenance and absorption of the population, and consequently, their activities, because the focus of physical-spatial development and related programs, plans and projects based on a systemic considers both the current situation and the future.Aliabad Katoul County is an area where a large part of the population lives in villages, in recent years these areas have witnessed many physical changes. Therefore, it calls for a more scientific and accurate knowledge of rural management and the level of physical development of rural settlements. The purpose of current research is to study the role of rural management in the physical development of rural settlements around the city of Aliabad Katoul in the horizon of 2031. In this regard, for research, the question can be raised that what are the most important key drivers of physical development, resulting from the activities of rural managers in the study area?

This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study based on the purpose and the nature. Data were collected through documents (library resources, scientific journals) and a survey (questionnaire). The questionnaire was prepared in the form of MICMAC questionnaire and distributed and completed among rural experts in the region in order to capture the impact of rural management on the physical changes of rural settlements in Aliabad katoul County in the horizon of 2031. The statistical population of the study is the villages with grades 5 and 6 rural municipalities around the city of Aliabad katoul. 35 questionnaires were considered for experts in the field of rural areas. Micmac software was used for data analysis and structural analysis of the impact of each of the effective indicators on the formation of physical changes in rural settlements.

Because of the high score of direct and indirect influencing factors, the study categorized five factors in the three main groups of key drivers affecting the future of physical development of rural settlements based on the activities of rural managers in Aliabade Katoul. These factors are land acquisition and using the empty lands within the physical texture to develop and expand the texture of the village (direct impact (4+) indirect impact (1609+)), efforts to establish production units and livestock and garden units (direct impact (4+) indirect impact (1608)), promote the use of local materials in residential units and traditional architectural models (direct impact(3+) indirect impact (1224+)), efforts to improve the condition of public routes in the village (direct impact (3+), indirect impact (+832)), increase and improve educational and cultural facilities and spaces (direct impact (2+) Indirect impact (869+)).

The present paper investigated the future of the impact of rural management on the physical development of rural settlements in the horizon of 2031. The findings showed that the highest performance of local managers was in the field of spatial-physical dimension. Villages are losing their identity culturally and physically due to expansion of urban lifestyles and every day we see changes in rural settlements from their native and traditional essence. Given that, villagers as rural managers can play a significant role in the physical development of villages, and consider the authentic need and the culture of the people in different regions. The physical changes of the rural texture should take economic and social needs into account. This will lead to the expansion of production and livestock workshops and promote the use of local materials in residential units and traditional architectural patterns, and provide access to educational and cultural spaces and can lead to sustainable rural physical development.

Heavy metal pollution of the environment on a global scale is a problem now. heavy metals due to the chemical stability، low flexibility and power of bio-accumulate in the body organism are quickly becoming toxic pollutants. Therefore purpose of this study survey heavy metal concentration and comparing the results with national and international standards and also health risk assessment in carcinogenicity and noncarcinogenicity took in the Ali Abad Katoul region. This research was performed with temporary description method in 2009 autumn and 2010 spring. During this research have been chosen about 36 samples from 6 wells that supply drinking water to rural and heavy metal (arsenic، lead، Zinc، chromium، cadmium) was measured based on method standard 1988 with atomic absorbtion. also the human health risk assessment was measured by using the criteria of the enviromental protection Agency (EPA). Heavy metal concentrations average in autumn Zn=0. 0143، Pb=0. 0060،Cr=0. 0025، As=0. 0022، Cd=0. 00 and in spring Zn=0. 0045، Pb=0. 0066، Cr=0. 0023، As=0. 0009، Cd=0. 00 mg/l was obtanied. The results showed there is not any statistically significant differences between concentrations of heavy metals in national and international standards. Results of health risk assessment of heavy metals for residents uring the period was measured، for carcinogenicity diseases 2. 32 × 10-4 individual and for noncarcinogenicity diseases 2. 53 ×10-4 individual. Heavy metal results was measured and comparing them with standards showed that there is no treatment from sanitary in studied area. But with increasing population and pollution and disease It may be observed changes in the concentrations of heavy metals in future. Therefore it is essential to be continuously monitored for heavy metals.

Energy is of particular important in agricultural inputs due to the increasing rate of consumption, fossil fuels adverse impacts on the environment and limited sources. Due to the growing demand of energy, increasing world population, increasing food consumption per capita and improvement of life quality, the energy, the way it consumes and increasing its efficiency and optimization are very important. Moayedi et al (1388) indicated that the highest energy consumption of the first year of saffron cultivation was related to manure application with a 16.91% of the total energy consumption and in the second to fifth to urea fertilizer with a 67/37% of the total energy consumption. Similarly, energy production to consumption ratio over a period of five years of saffron cultivation was estimated to be 41/0. Ahamadi & Aghaalikhani, (2013) reviewed the energy consumption of cotton in the Golestan province. They considered the share of energy use in cotton in Golestan province, the share of energy consumption in tractor fuel inputs and fuel pump to be 24%, 30% respectively, and 54% of the energy was related to diesel fuel. Fertilizers had 24% and chemicals had 13% of energy consumption, and the total energy input for the production of cotton in Alborz Province was announced to be 31 GJ per hectare. Considering the energy crisis in the world, exploring the demand and consumption rate of energy and finding solutions to reduce the consumption is of researcher’s priority globally. Considering the privileged position of cotton production in the world and Golestan province of Iran, estimation of energy input and, efficiency are among the main research areas leading to fruitful solutions of optimizing energy consumption of the product. A hundred of cotton fields around the Aliabad and AqQala cities in Golestan province were selected during two sowing years of 2014 and 2015. These farms were selected in such a way a number of farmers can be included. Important dates of different operations and events were observed during the growing seasons in selected fields. The data of typical production methods and cultivation practices were collected in last year including the use of equipment and fuel, application of fertilizers and pesticides and so on. Accordingly, all agricultural practices were divided into eight categories, including land preparation, planting, fertilizer application , plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting and transportation to factory or crop delivery, primarily. Then, the different amounts of input use and more comprehensive information were collected and recorded at every single stage from planting to harvesting. The results showed that the highest energy consumption was related to irrigation with 41% of the total energy and fertilizer application and land preparation were in the next positions. Labor force energy was calculated to be 2262 MJ.ha-1 related to harvesting, irrigation, cultivation, and crust-breaking. 61% of the total energy (10217 MJ.Ha-1) was used indirectly for the manufacturing, repair and maintenance of equipment and machinery, and production of seed, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, organic fertilizer, t insecticides, herbicides and industrial fungicides. Nitrogen fertilizer production consumed 30 percent of indirect energy sources, the highest share, while 39 percent of the total energy consumption was related to direct energy through the use of human resources and fuel consumption. Average power ratio of total farms was equal to 92.5. The results of levels of total energy input to fields showed that the minimum and maximum energy inputs were 15614 and 43321 MJ per hectare, respectively. The results of this study showed that most of the direct energy (labor and fuel) consumption for cotton production is related to fuel with 86 % of the total energy mostly used in irrigation practices. Several factors such as soil texture, farm leveling, plant's feeding and protection, equipment and types of pumps, irrigation equipment maintenance in a timely manner, weather conditions, the amount of water available and most importantly short-term and long-term management are among areas which can reduce fuel and energy consumption of irrigation practices in the cotton production farms of Golestan province.

This research has been done in the framework of constructivist-interpretive paradigm, qualitative methodology and the approach of contextual theory. The participants in the study are experts from government departments and organizations, as well as rural experts living in the Mohammadabad-Zarrin Gol district. Among them, 29 people participated in the research using theoretical sampling. The techniques and tools for data collection were semi-structured interview techniques and semi-structured interview checklists, respectively. Open, central, and selective coding were also used for analysis. Based on the findings, this study concluded that the polar spatial organization of Mohammadabad-Zarrin Gol region (Aliabadaktol city) (with the dominant role of two urban points of Fazel Abad and Aliabad) is affected by factors such as mountain topographic structure, urban centrality, ، The weakness of services and access to it, the one-way relations within and outside the region, the weakness of the supply chain and the value of tourism and the weakness of the labor market have not been able to move towards a network pattern by

Ecotourism is a relatively new phenomenon in the tourism industry which is only one of the major categories of this industry. This form of tourism, makes the human’s leisure activities mostly possible in the nature and causes an increase and a more deeply gratitude of them to the nature. What has abundant importance in ecotourism is the subject of sustainability because without precise planning and neglecting the abilities of the region, the process would lead to damaging the environment and region. Therefore the goal of present study, is feasibility of ecotourism development in mountainous villages of the township of Ali Abad Katoul that this research from the point of purpose is applicable and is based on descriptive-measurement method. The required data in this research with due attention to the kinds of research methods, is gathered in illustrated (map) and questionnaire methods that the individuals in the questionnaire section are the total native people (family guardian) and ecotourism in this region that the volume of individuals were appointed with the Cochrane method, 351 individuals and the field data was gathered utilizing standard questionnaire. The achieved results utilizing the phase hierarchical order analysis and Will Cockson statistical examination propose that in the phase hierarchical order analysis section, six effective criteria in effective locating was used for creating appropriate spaces in order to improve ecotourism infrastructure that after precise evaluation the region was divided into three favorable, half-favorable, and unfavorable sectors that most of the subject area are located in the favorable and half-favorable sections. In analyzes related to the statistical examination (Will Cockson) for measuring the rate of ecotourism effectiveness in regional changes is used, in most of the sub-criteria replicates the meaningful relation that itself states the clear effect of ecotourism on the region under study.

Investigating the newest statistics and information indicates that the annual growth of tourism industry is ascending. in the event that the number of tourists in the year of 2013 with the growth rate of 5%, is equal to 1.780 billion people The purpose of this study is to assess tourists’ satisfaction with performance of dimensions of destination of tourism product & based on the Scio-demographics characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, level of education, income, and occupation. This research is based on descriptive-analytic method, and a self-administrated questionnaire was used as a survey instrument. The validity and reliability of the survey instrument were based on two methods, content validity (specialists and experts’ attitudes) and Cornbach’s alpha (α =0.9). In total, 200 questionnaires were distributed among the sample chosen by convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. The results of the comparative analysis indicated that there was no different level of tourist satisfaction based on gender, marital status, and income with the performance of dimensions of Ghorogh Forest Park tourism product. In contrast, there was a significant difference in tourist satisfaction based on age, level of education for destination image, as well as in destination facilities based on occupation. Moreover, the results of the correlative analysis implied that gender, age, marital status, level of education, income, and occupation did not affect the tourists’ satisfaction significantly. The results of this analysis will help decision makers and officials of the Park to enhance tourists’ satisfaction by designing effective strategies. Keywords: Tourism destination, Tourism product, Tourists’ satisfaction, Tourist profile, Ghorogh Forest Park.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term mean of precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (PET) based on climate drought in Aliabadektol, Gorgan, Bandar-e-Gaz, Bandar-e-Turkmen, Kalaleh, Gomishan, Minoodasht, Incheh-e-Borun, Gonbad-e-Kavous using Tavosi monthly drought indices. The rainfall of Ingot (K) and UNEP (UNEP) is used to detect changes in the period of 30 years. Also in this study, Hargreaves-Samani method was used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration. The U-U´ criterion was used to show the significance of the trend. U-U´ values were estimated for all months and whole years in Excel software environment. The study areas were divided into less than +1/96 or more than +1/96 or areas with trend using the Menkendal method. . After calculating the drought factor (AI) for the urban areas through Excel software, using the kriging distance method, the map of land area changes in the study area in the ArcGis software environment was drawn. For this purpose, to select the best interpolation method, the statistical indices of root mean square error RMS absolute value of MAE error were used. The results showed that the risk of drought and dust pollution in each study area is not far from expectation. In all studied cities, it seems that with decreasing and changing the trend of rainfall, the intensity of evapotranspiration increased by the same amount. The phenomenon of drought manifests itself far more. This phenomenon can affect the trend of agricultural products and reduce the amount of production and area under cultivation of products in Golestan province and reduce their yield.

Flood is one of the most destructive natural phenomena. Every year it brings extensive losses to the country’s financial and human resources. In our country, major parts of Iran’s provinces are always at risk of flooding. The Gorgan and Atrak catchments have also become more important, as several floods have occurred in Golestan province in recent years, causing many deaths and economic losses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the synoptic and thermodynamic conditions of the March 2019 flood event in Golestan province in order to atmospheric system that lead to such floods. This study includes statistical analysis of provincial stations (Gorgan, Gonbadkavus, Aliabadkatol, Hashemabad, Kalale, Maravetape and Bandaretokman), calculating of the return period of precipitation during the available statistical period of each station, analysis of synoptic maps on the day of the flood event, the analysis of satellite images of the days involved in the flood, and calculation of instability indices of the Gorgans’s station. Statistical results showed that Gorgan and Gonbadkavus stations, with the highest amount of rainfall in March 2019, had a return period with 800 and 400 years respectively. Also the highest amount index of Gorgan with values of K=26°c, PW= 0.27 cm and TT= 48 was obtained with high relative humidity (about 80%). The analysis of the synoptic maps showed the severe sea level pressure and mid- level height drop with a deep trough in the study area, which led to extreme rainfall.

Evapotranspiration (ET) as a major component of the hydrological cycle and an important variable in the calculation of the earth's surface water and energy balance has a key role in agricultural water management. Under limited meteorological data, ET estimations using empirical models are less accurate and require adjustments based on water balance approach or lysimetric measurements. Combining ground observations with remote sensing information (such as satellite images) can improve the accuracy of these estimations. In this study, SENTINEL-2 satellite products were used to estimate actual evapotranspiration values in 8 stations of the Gorganrud-Gharehsoo basin, north of Iran, during the period 2016 to 2018. Considering the number of required images and significate variations of ET during warm season, a four months period of April to June was selected for comparisons. The Penman Monteith equation estimations using observed data of study stations was chosen as an evaluation metric of satellite products.Comparisons were evaluated using statistical indices of R2, RMSE. The coefficient of determination (R2) values between Penman-Monteith equation (PM) estimations and SENTINEL-2 outputs for the study stations of Rezvan, Bandar Turkman, Aliabad-e-katol, Gonbadkavos, Kalaleh, Gorgan, Gorgan Hashem-Abad, and Minoodasht, were 0.95, 0.76, 0.86, 0.87, 0.80, 0.86 and 0.84, respectively. The highest correlation of SENTINEL-2 and PM equation was obtained in Rezvan station (RMSE: 0.21, R2 = 0.95), while the lowest correlation was observed in Ghonbad kavoos stations, (RMSE = 0.37, R2 = 0.87). According to results, the SENTINEL-2 evapotranspiration estimations can be used in regions with in adequate observed data. The finer spatial resoulution of SENTINEL-2 improves the ET estimations accuracy. This satellite products may be recommended for regions with inadequate weather stations especially in semi arid regions