The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks plyometrictraining and omega 3 supplementation on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)and C reactive protein (CRP) concentration in active men. 28 physicaleducation students randomly divided into four groups including control (n=7), omega 3 (n=7),training (n=7), and training+ omega 3 (n=7) groups. The training and training+ omega 3 groupsperformed 4 weeks of selected plyometric training. Also supplementary and combination groupsconsumed 2000 mg omega 3 daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken in fasting state beforeand after training in order to measurement of BDNF and CRP. Moreover, BDNF and CRP weremeasured using ELISA and immunoturbidimetric assay respectively. Data were analyzed usingone-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient and significant level was considered if p<0.05. Four weeks of plyometric training along with omega 3 supplementation increased serumBDNF concentration of active men significantly (P<0.04), but this treatment didn’t change CRPsignificantly (P<0.53). Also BDNF and CRP levels did not show any significant correlation (p<0.05). Plyometric training along with omega 3 supplementation can increase serum level ofBDNF, suggesting that performed training protocol has positive effects on brain health. But BDNFand CRP as inflammatory markers had no significant relationship. So, more studies on the therapeuticand protective effects of BDNF against inflammation are required.

Autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, is characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, as well as restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Changes in serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a role in autism etiology. However, the serum levels and the mechanism of action of BDNF in autism are needed to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the serum levels of BDNF and its relation with working memory in valproic acid animal model of autism.
Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two Phosphate-Buffered Saline receiver (PBS) and Valproic Acid receiver (VPA) groups. The pregnant rats were recieved VPA (500 mg/kg/ip) or PBS for 12.5 days after gestation. We evaluated the offspring in postnatal days 30 and 60. To measure changes in working memory and the periodic behaviors of the animals, Y maze test was used. In addition, the serum levels of BDNF were determined by ELISA method.
Increased alteration behavior was observed in Y-maze test among offspring received VPA group compared to control rats. The serum levels of BDNF in VPA rats were significantly higher than PBS group.
BDNF increases accompanied by enhancement of periodic behaviors in VPA rats suggested a crucial role of this protein in working memory of autistic individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming vitamin C on the serum level of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) among healthy inactive young men.
In this semi-empirical study, 18 healthy inactive men were randomly divided into two groups; a group consuming vitamin C as a supplement and a control group. Subjects in consuming vitamin C group received 500 milligrams of vitamin C supplement daily for one week. The control group consumed placebo. Blood samples of participants were taken in fasting mode to measure BDNF concentration. BDNF was measured by ELISA method.
The serum levels of BDNF significantly increased one week after receiving vitamin C compared to the control group. In addition, the level of BDNF in subjects received vitamin C for one week significantly increased compared to the beginning of the investigation.
Data indicate that consuming vitamin C increased the serum concentration of BDNF in healthy inactive men.

Hydrotherapy has positive effects on the behavior of people with autism. Studies have shown that BDNF plays an important role in autism neurobiology. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydrotherapy on the BDNF level in children with autism spectrum disorders. In this semi-experimental study, a pretest-posttest, control-group design was applied. A total of 32 participants were randomly assigned to the control (n, 16) and experimental (n, 16) groups. The Halliwick intervention continued for eight weeks, three sessions per week for 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected to measure the BDNF level before and after eight weeks of intervention. There was no significant difference between BDNF in pre-test and post-test in control group and experimental groups. There was no significant difference between BDNF levels the control and experimental groups in the pre-test and post-test. (P≤0.05) According to the results, Hydrotherapy on serum BDNF level does not have a significant effect on children with autism spectrum disorders.

Autism syndrome is a complex neurological disorder. The main causes of autism disorder is not fully understood. However, the results of some studies indicated that change in serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has role in autism etiology but, amount and how to change of this factor in not clear today. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of BDNF and its relation with repetitive behaviors test in autistic newborn rats. In this study we used 15 virgin female rats that divided into 2 case and control groups; for inducing of autism in their newborns, they exposed to Valporic acid on 12.5 of pregnancy. For measuring serum levels of BDNF and evaluation of repetitive behaviors, we used elisa method and Maze Y test, respectively. The results of this study indicated that in autistic rats, median of BDNF serum levels is significantly increase in compare to the control group (P<0.001). Also, in female rats, serum levels of BDNF is significantly higher than male rats (P<0.01). There wasn’t significant relation between serum levels of BDNF and repetitive behaviors (P=0.23). In summary, we concluded that serum levels of BDNF has change in autism syndrome and it can has role in etiology of this disorder. However, according to conflicting results of studies about serum levels of BDNF and it relation with severity of this disorder, more research recommended.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Neurotrophins are polypeptides belonging to the neurotrophic factor family. Neurotrophins mediate cell survival and proliferation in the nervous system. In this study, we determined the production of various neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in Cuprizone model of demyelination.
In order to induce demyelination, animals were treated by Cuprizone. The mice were divided into three groups. The first group was treated by Cuprizone for 5 weeks. The second group was treated by Cuprizone for 5 weeks and normal diet for 1 week. The third (control) group received normal diet for 6 weeks. After the mice were sacrificed, cerebral corpus callosum was removed and evaluated for expression of neurotrophic factors by real time PCR and histological evaluation.
After five weeks, we detected a significant increase of BDNF and GDNF compared to the control group. No changes were observed in CNTF expression. After six weeks, expression of BDNF and GDNF were decreased but they had still higher levels compared to control group.
This study suggests that neurotrophins may play a role in pathogenesis of MS.

Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is one of neurotrophines’ family which improves the dopaminergic cells survival and activity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the protective effects of 12 weeks of voluntary exercise on MANF level in the brainstem of parkinsonian rats against the destruction of substansia nigra’s dopaminergic cells using 6-hydroxydopamine. In this experimental study, twenty-five male rats were divided into three groups: Base (healthy control, n=9), control-Parkinson (n=9), and voluntary exercise-parkinsonian (n=7). The voluntary exercise control group/ healthy group (n=9) were housed in individual cages geared with running wheels and had activity for 12 weeks. To induce parkinson in the second group (n=9), 250 microgram in 5 microliter 6-OHDA (dissolved in saline) was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) using a stereotaxic apparatus.The third healthy exercise group only had voluntary exercise for the same period. Finally, MANF levels in the brainstems were measured by means of ELISA. The obtained data was analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc. Mean running distance of the subjects was 5384±764/16 meter per day. In this study MANF levels between exercise group and Parkinson control had significant differences (P=.001). In other words, decrease in MANF levels was prevented in the exercise group (P=.001). MANF levels in the exercise group remained almost at the same level as the Base group (healthy control), P=0.615). voluntary exercises cause the amplification of MANF against oxidative damage induced by 6-OHDA toxicity and have a protective role against parkinson.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Neuronal injury and oxidative stress in AD increases the level of inflammatory cytokines. Curcumin has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of curcumin on hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in an experimental model of AD.
28 male rats divided into 4 groups: Control group (30 days, intraperitoneal injection of DMSO), AD control group (30 days, intraperitoneal injection of DMSO, after induction of AD) and two AD treatment groups with application of 50 and 100 mg/kg of curcumin (30 days, intraperitoneal injection of curcumin, after induction of AD). AD was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 8 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride. At the end of the treatment period, the hippocampal levels of BDNF and serum levels of different cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were measured by ELISA method.
Compared to AD control group, administration of curcumin with dose of 100 mg/kg significantly increased the hippocampal levels of BDNF (P=0.002) and decreased the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (P=0.001).
Administration of curcumin may decrease the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in AD, possibly via enhancement of the hippocampal levels of BDNF. This study suggests the protective effect of curcumin against neuronal damages and oxidative stress in AD.

We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of voluntary exercise on a running wheel with extraction of flowers Eriobotrya japonica on GDNF in the brain stem induced by 6-hydroxy dopamine. In this study, 43 rats were divided into six groups: healthy control, parkinsonian control, training group, parkinsonian training, extract parkinson, training-extract parkinsonian. Training-extract group were housed in individual cages and attached to running wheels; during the study period they received 200 mg/kg extract intraperitoneally three times per week. To induce Parkinson, 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) (dissolved in saline) was administered intracerebrovenricular (ICV) by a stereotaxic apparatus. GDNF levels in the brain stem were measured by ELISA. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tukey post-hoc test. There are significant differences in the level of GDNF between training group and parkinsonian control (p=0.015); between parkinsonian training group and parkinsonian control group there was significant difference (p=0.015). GDNF level between training group and parkinsonian training with parkinsonian control was not significant (0. 87, 0.095). There was significant difference between control and parkinsonian control group (p=0.004). Difference between extract-parkinson group and parkinsonian control was not significant (p=0.191). GDNF level difference between extract-training and parkinsonian control was significant (p=0.008). Brainstem GDNF level in extract-parkinson and parkinsonian control (p=0.191) and extract-parkinson and control (P=0.164) was not significant. Pre-treatment with exercise alone and exercise with extraction of Eriobotrya japonica could prevent the decrease of GDNF level in brainstem against neurotoxic 6-OHDA.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) play a role on induction and maintenance of memory and learning. The BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism impairs expression of this protein. Due to difference between the neural principles operating during motor memory consolidation and the neural principles operating during practice (acquisition) and the effect of BDNF on both of these processes, the aim of the study was to study the effect of val66met polymorphism on acquisition and motor memory consolidation in the process of learning of throwing motor skill.
We randomly selected one hundred university students of Kashan , Iran (mean age: 21.6±2.2 years). After blood sampling, extraction of genomic DNA, implementation of polymerase chain reaction, analyzing of PCR by 1.5 percent Electrophoresis Gel, and in the end sequencing by ABI PRISM 7000 Sequencing Analyzer, 46 participants were identified without val66met polymorphism, and 54 participants identified affected by the polymorphism (met-carriers). 10 participants of each genetic group (20 people) after pre-test practiced backhand baseball pitch for six sessions. After 48 and 96 hours they participated in two consecutive retention tests.
Our data showed no difference between met-carriers and people without the polymorphism in acquisition and the first retention test. However, met-carriers were significantly weaker than people without the polymorphism in the second retention test.
These findings suggest that the BDNF val66met polymorphism has higher impact on motor learning in the consolidation phase than acquisition phase.