There are some criteria introduced for differentiating the judgments of approval from the constitutive judgments including the mood and the type of the verbs used for the statement of that judgment. It is claimed that if the verb of the sentence that expresses the judgment is a declarative sentence in the past tense, it will be a judgment of approval; since the past tense of the verb implies that the judgment existed in the past and the precedent for the legal law is a criterion for the judgment of approval. The present article first explains the above-mentioned claim and its evidences. Next, it is criticized and proved that using only the past tense of the verb to express the judgment is not an adequate sign of the judgment to be a judgment of approval.

Generally the news stories of daily newspapers do have their own narrative style; they coherently explain an event within a framework of some sentences or a paragraph. Headlines, as utterances with special structural features, which do not necessarily provide the sentence structure and generally lack the coherence element have a prominent role in the process of news production and broadcasting. As all the syntactic relations in the level of a sentence are defined by the verb, the role of the verb in construction of a well-formed syntactic sentence is of great importance. However, it seems that in headlines the verb absence is more common than its presence. From a critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, absence of one element or change in the structure is a reason of ideological intentions. Considering the linguistic features of news discourse will pave the way to do research about the presence or absence of verbs in headlines and its relative discursive justifications. This is a descriptive-analytic study of selected headlines from prominent Iranian daily newspapers. Sampling of the data is conducted through a systematic accidental approach from three Persian language morning newspapers. This study showed that 65.15 percent of headlines lack a verb. This number is statistically meaningful and shows some discursive intentions.

Besides employing the imperative mode, God has used a collection of declarative structures in the Qur’an to express His intention. The experts of principles of jurisprudence have not seriously talked about these structures and have more than anything paid attention to the meaning and designation of the imperative; but the experts of jurisprudence have in a more widespread and of course scattered way alluded to them and have talked about the designation of these structures to obligatoriness and preference (istiḥbāb) or emphasis on the obligatory ordinance obtained from other structures. Many of the verses of the Qur’an contain demanding structures based on phrases of wa‘ẓ (preach), farḍ (obligate), katb (decree), ḥaqq (prove), and waṣyy (entrust). Also, declaration of the occurrence of actions; declaration of actions pertaining to people’s undertaking; demanding actions in inquiry, condition, optative, and instigation moods; threat from God; praising the action or its actor; condemning the abandonment of an action are among other structures of intentionality of an action. In order to develop jurisprudential inference from the Qur’an, this writing has described and analyzed the structures suggesting obligatoriness and preference in the verses of ordinances based on the practical approach of the Imāmī jurists and has made the conclusion that the main objective has been instigating and encouraging the religiously accountable (mukallaf) to take action.

One of the proposed topics in Persian semantics is the cases where information with rhetorical intentions turns into composition. One of these cases is the function of the verb “want” in expressing information. This verb normally transforms information to demanding composition when it is used in predicative sentence and it turns into a means for transmitting Tamanni and Tarajji’s conception. This function is definite in some cases and has the ability to pass a rhetorical judgement and become a rule in the Persian semantics. In some other cases it depends on appropriacy of the teller condition. This article intends to investigate the mentioned cases and extract a new rule. Hence after explanation of some generalities about information and composition, it assesses the features of the verb “want” in Persian grammar with an analytic- comparative approach and investigates the function of that from semantics aspect. Next, using the descriptive-analytic method it confirms the mentioned function through Hafez language. This research, in addition to explain of a rhetorical rule, recognizes a new remark in Persian grammar and reckons the verb “want” as a subjunctive construction factor that it can transform predicative modality of the future verb to potential modality.

The aim of the present study is to investigate ‘20:30 (Bisto-Si) News’ headlines as one of the most watched news programs in IRIB television. This corpus-based, quantitative- and qualitative-based study analyzed the news headlines collected within one month from the 2nd December, 2015, to the 1st January, 2016. The corpus consisted of 186 news headlines in various national and international issues. This study aimed to find out what linguistic properties in the headlines make the 20:30 news the most watched TV news program. The findings of the research show that the linguistic properties of these headlines can be described into three categories: 1) Semantic properties like metaphor, metonymy, idiom, proverb and synesthesia as well as a reference to famous poems or quotes; 2) Lexical properties such as associative collocations, lexical repetitions and versification; 3) syntactic properties such as verbless sentences and nominalization. Moreover, the results show that although the three categories play an important role in making the news program attractive, the semantic property was found to be the most influential linguistic properties of the 20:30 News headlines.

This study aims to analyze the clauses of Barzoki language from the perspective of two metafunctions (interpersonal and experimental) and the intention is to measure the semantic analysis of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar of this kind of language, which, like many local dialects or languages, has only a spoken and conversational form. For this purpose, according to the Interpersonal meta-functional analysis, the subject, finite elements, and the type of clauses and based on the experiential metafunction, the frequency, and type of processes of Raji Barzaki are examined.  Barzoki Rayeji (Raji) is one of the endangered Iranian languages which is spoken in Barzok (a city that is 50 Km far from Kashan).  This study is descriptive-analytic. The data were obtained from the interview with a female native speaker 83-year-old and 2 male native speakers 82 and 64-year-old From Barzok city. By studying 35 clauses of the oral narrative on the subject of the flood of 60 years ago in Barzok, the results indicate that the material process with 66% (23 verbs) is the most frequent event in the experiential metafunction. The occurrence of other processes is relational process 20% (7 verbs), mental process 8% (3 verbs), behavioral process 3% (1 verb), verbal process 3% (1 verb), and existential process 0%. Interpersonal meta-functional analysis of these clauses show that among the 35 clauses, 34 clauses are declarative and 1 clause is imperative; the subject is absent in 33 clauses and only in two clause subject and speaker are the same. Also in 35 verbs of the clauses, 33 verbs have the past tense (28 verbs with simple past tense and 5 verbs with a past continuous verb) and 2 verbs with the present tense.

Negation is one of the basic concepts in natural languages. In all natural languages, there exist negative statements corresponding to positive sentences. The meaning of negative sentences in these languages is contrary to the meaning of the corresponding positive sentences. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the morphological and syntactic representation of negation and its position in Lori dialect of Kohgilouyeh based on Minimalist Program. In this regard, the main research questions are:1- Is the negative marker in Lori dialect a word or a prefix?
2. Does the negative marker place in different positions in Lori dialect?
Based on the main research questions, the following main hypotheses are expressed:1. Negative marker in Lori dialect is a word.
2. Negative marker places in different positions in Lori dialect.
Although one of the authors is the native speaker of this dialect, the research data was extracted from the speech of five male and female elderly speakers, as well. The research results show that the negative marker in Lori dialect precedes the Tense Phrase/TP as an independent phrase and occurs in different positions in the sentence. In non-attributive and interrogative sentences, the negative marker manifesting in the head position of Negative Phrase (NegP1), first precedes the TP and then it is attracted by the verb. In this position, the relationship between the verb and the head of the negative phrase is realized by Agreement relation. The Negative Phrase2 (NegP2) is another position in which this marker appears in the indicative attributive sentences. In this position, the negative marker is not subject to any movement and remains in its situ position. In addition, in these sentences, the negative marker can also move to the specifier of Focus Phrase/FP. Similarly, the negative marker can occupy the head position of Complementizer Phrase/CP in yes-no question sentences. Moreover, this marker can be used as a prefix before the verb and also locate before the TP as a negative adverb.

According to Fairclough's approach to discourse analysis, narrative texts can play a significant role in recreating cultural, political and social structures and producing meaning. Also, the tale of “Hezar-o-yekShab” owns a context based on meaning production within the structure of the text and hypertext. By the same token, the tale of “Shahriyar and Shahzaman” is an example cloistering the mutable relationship assigned to the act of discourse. This study examines the tale of “Shahriyar and Shahzaman” based upon Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation in a descriptive-analytical method. It also explores the hidden and obvious semantic layers of the tale's text. The result of this study shows that at the description level of this story, most of the verbs have an indicative mood, and negative verbs are rarely seen throughout the story because the presence of positive and indicative verbs represents omniscient and the narrator's movement at the heart of the story. While the narrator of “Shahriar and Shahzaman” gives her place to the character of Shahrzad. At the interpretation level, this tale also represents the idea of betrayal and women's termagant in a democratic society, and the struggle against such an idea benefits women's community. The explanation level also indicates that betrayal's power of women is superior, and violence and revenge against them will not bring psychological peace of mind.

In the verses and traditions, some praiseworthy and valuable attributes are attributed to God Almighty. In addition to that, a group of negative and anti-value attributes that do not fit with the Divine Essence are found in it; as an example, the attributes of Wisdom and Justice have a positive value, and attributes such as cunning, mockery, and deception, which were attributed to God in the Holy Quran, are anti-values. The research problem of this article is to explain how to fit between the negative attributes and absolute perfection of God Almighty, which will be analyzed in this article with the descriptive-analytical method of the view of Muslim sages. The conclusion of the research is summarized in two results. First, the stative attributes are the attributes of actions and the characteristics of creatures, not of the Essence of God Almighty. The second, the stative attributes only have the ground for being anti-value and they are not always and necessarily anti-value because they follow God's Wisdom and Justice and their attribution to God Almighty is in line with the absolute perfection of God's nature.