Córdoba Grand Mosque is one of the magnificent buildings inspired by the architecture of the Islamic era. The mentioned mosque, with all the changes that Christians have made and allowed to destroy the Islamic identity and spirituality, its door and wall, minaret and altar guide every viewer to his true identity. Jacobsen introduced semiotics as the process of becoming meaningful based on text and architectural eco-semiotics as a cultural phenomenon and a tool for communication. The purpose of this article is the symbolic morphology of architectural elements in the "Cordoba" mosque in Andalusia, Spain, based on the process of land use change. One of the debatable historical monuments in international religious and architectural associations is the Cordoba Mosque and the view of the architects of the two historical periods based on the four religious origins of Christian - Islamic - and Spanish - Iranian. Under current law, three decades of multiple sovereignty over Spanish culture and art are at stake. The findings show that the Charter of Democracy governing the political-cultural atmosphere of Spain in three decades has created the preservation of decorative motifs containing color, form, texture, gender and symbolic elements of dual-use mosque-church and seems to be a prominent international privilege. The mosque has been in intercultural interaction. The method of this documentary-library article and the method of data analysis were also qualitative content analysis.

 This study attempts to examine the decorative motifs of mosques (Atiq Mosque in Shiraz and Cordoba Mosque in Cordoba) in Iran and Spain in the third century A.H. These decorative designs are in accordance with the beliefs of the people of the region and regardless of all their differences, they share common goals in the Islamic world and through these designs spiritual and mental concepts are conveyed. Decorative patterns, which are symbols of the elements of nature, are rooted in Iranian-Sassanid art; Byzantium and have been continuously repeated as motifs in the art of the Islamic era.

This study attempts to compare the decorative motifs of the Atiq Mosque in Shiraz with those of the Cordoba Mosque in Cordoba with a contextualist approach.

This article used a descriptive and analytical method to study the decorations of the Atiq Mosque in Shiraz and the Cordoba Mosque in Spain and to identify similarities and shared symbols.

Decorative designs in Islamic art are derived from the beliefs of people over the centuries. The continuity in Islamic art has spread from Iran to the Islamic world.  The architectural formation of Atiq and Cordoba mosques is not contextual, because they are built based on the pattern of the Prophet’s Mosque-Shabestani columnar mosque. However, the decorations of both mosques are contextual and inspired by Sassanid art in Iran and Byzantium in Andalusia.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba has the world’s oldest continuously planted Islamic garden. Although its presence in a mosque courtyard would seem to confirm its significance as a symbol for “paradise on earth”، the theological authorities of the 9th through 11th centuries did not regard it as such. The paper explores the water management systems that supplied the Mosque’s courtyard of trees and the surrounding landscape. The same mechanisms and knowledge that made the agricultural landscape productive also made gardens flourish. The modern world tends to make a clear division between science (agriculture and hydraulics) and art (gardens and fountains)، but landscape history tests this division because gardens require knowledge and an appreciation of beauty and form، but they also require an understanding of science، especially of how to collect water and make it flow to the places where it is needed. The paper traces connections between science، pleasure، the hydraulic landscape، and architecture to explain the presence of the trees in the Mosque of Cordoba. And claims that the garden in the courtyard of the Mosque of Cordoba does not signify representation of paradise on earth. In addition to the religious meaning of the garden as a reflection of paradise on earth، a meaning shared with other gardens across the Islamic world، gardens could provide pleasure، represent wealth، intrigue the mind، and express in microcosm the beauty of the environment as a whole. We have already seen that even at the Mosque of Cordoba، where the religious scholars frowned on the presence of trees in the courtyard as a distraction from prayer and clearly did not interpret the garden as a reflection of paradise، the fruit had an economic function as a form of payment. And the trees–even today–provide welcome shade in Spain’s hot climate. Therefore running counter to the popular conception of the Islamic garden as a mirror of paradise، we see in the Great Mosque of Cordoba an example of a garden that the theological experts did not interpret as a foretaste of the rewards that await the faithful. To the contrary، they saw it as inappropriate for a mosque، even though historical accounts attest that many mosques around the Mediterranean were indeed planted with trees. Alternative explanations for the presence of the trees are that they provided shade، provided a salary for the mosque’s custodian، and lastly، that the trees were a sign and a celebration of the presence of water، a technological feat of hydraulic planning that reflected the ingenuity of Muslims of al-Andalus and of which Cordoba was justifiably proud.

Throughout history, Spain has been one of the countries known as the defender of Catholic Christianity. The Spanish Catholicism was able to expand the realm of Christianity in various countries, especially Latin America, by empowering Christian kings. Political, social, and religious necessities require that Latin American Christianity be recognized, and this recognition would not be possible without an understanding of Spanish Christianity. This article examines the nature and characteristics of Spanish Catholic Christianity from the beginning to the time of the conquest of Latin America in the 15th century. During this period, Catholic Christianity went through three periods, including: the arrival in Spain; the Catholicization of Christianity in Spain and the period of the establishment of Catholic Christianity. Catholic Christianity entered Spain with a Roman nature and, with the struggle against Aryan Christianity, spread to all parts of Spain. Finally, in the 15th century, with the help of Catholic kings, Catholicism became an undisputed Christian and religious power in Spain and around the world.

Muslim's conquest of Spain and their subsequent victories in this region are of special importance in the history of Muslim's conquests. Spain was the first country in Europe that Muslims could conquer within a short time. However, an area of research about this topic can be an analysis of this victory in the form of a review of the domestic conditions of Spain with arrival of Muslims in this country the potential effects of these conditions on the success of the conquering forces. Therefore, the present research seeks to offer a brief account about the history of Muslims conquests in North Africa and review Spain's domestic climate as a potential hypothesis for Muslim's conquest of this land.

Title: Exploring Administrative Litigation and Competent Authorities within the Spanish Legal SystemAbstract:Comparative law endeavors to assess the strengths and weaknesses of legal branches, particularly those that have recently evolved, including administrative law. The Spanish administrative law system holds significant relevance for examination due to its unique characteristics. Spain's political system and administrative procedures reflect decentralization, yet recent events underscore public unease regarding administrative decisions and policies, imposing a dual responsibility on the judiciary. This research delves into how the Spanish administrative law system navigates citizen grievances against governmental actions. Through numerous amendments, Spain has progressively sought to enhance citizen-government engagement, aligning judicial procedures with European Union standards to safeguard citizen rights and foster urban development. The study investigates the evolution of administrative laws in Spain, highlighting efforts to bridge the gap between citizens and the government, and the influence of European Union regulations on judicial proceedings, ensuring consistency with citizen rights.

Before 1995 the term «victim» in the legal literature of Spain did not use and the legislator preferred instead of this idiom scientific celebrity use common words and Common vocabulary among people. The word that under the influence of studies of victim and to pursue reforms happened In 1995 entered into The new Penal Code Spain, now has become common terms in the literature of the country's criminal law. Legal texts Spain, by type of crime and how did the victim, have predicted for him a variety of different situations and rights.