The current study was adminstrated with the aim of investigating mood characteristics and components of marital interaction in mothers with one or more than one child with visually impairment.

The research method was descriptive and the design ‎was ex post facto. The population of this study was three categories of mothers with one child, more than one child with visually impairment and mothers of children without visully impairment living in cities of Tehran and Karaj in 2017 , that from each category 120 of mothers were with one visually impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually impaired child and 120 mothers with children without visually impaiment were selected voluntary. The assessment tools of this study were Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) (2007) including two dimensions (positive and negative mood) and Afrooz’s Marital Interaction Scale (2012).

The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that mothers with more than one child with visual impairment had higher scores in negative mood such as stress, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion and lower scores in positive mood such as vitality, relaxation and happiness in comparison to the other two groups (p <0.001). Mothers with a child with no visual impairment had higher scores in positivity, personal behaviors, relational and social behaviors, problem solving, financial management, religious feeling, parenting manner, spending leisure time, and emotional interaction than the two clinical groups (p<0.001).

Implementing preventive and make knowledge actions with the goal of accepting child's disability, increasing positive emotions towards the child, and training coping skills in face of fatigue due to care, especially those with more than one child with disabilities, can reduce the stress of caring, and spending free time to pay attention the needs of self and the spouse helps maintain a satisfied relationship in parents in order to take advantage of this capacity for dyadic coping with the problems of caring disabled child.

The aim of the present study was to comparing marital satisfaction between mothers with one visually impaired child, mothers with more than one visually impaired children and mothers with normal children. The present research was a causal-comparative research and the target population of this study was mothers of normal children and mothers with visually impaired children in Tehran and Karaj in the academic year of 1395-96 in 537 individuals. The sampling method was simple random sampling. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula, 224 people (120 mothers with one visually impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually impaired children and 120 mothers with normal children). The instruments of this study were Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS). Analyzing of data is performed using Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA). The results showed that there were significant differences in marital satisfaction between the three groups (p< .01). Also, the results showed that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction Subscales between the three groups (p< .01). On this basis, we can conclude that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction between the three groups and Researchers can provide a field of psychological interventions.

The aim of this study was to compare marital satisfaction, parental alliance, and parental burnout in fathers and mothers having a child(ren) with and without visual impairment. The method of the study was descriptive and expo facto. The study population consisted of four groups of parents having children without and with visual impairment (parents having one child, two children, and more than two children with VI) living in different cities of Iran. Among them, a sample of 506 people (including 297 mothers and 209 fathers) participated voluntarily in the study through convenient sampling. The measurements included the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (Nichols et al., 1983), the Parental Alliance Scale (Abidin, & Brunner, 1995), and the Parental Burnout Assessment (Roskam et al., 2018). The results showed that parents having more than two children with VI had higher scores on parental burnout and lower scores on marital satisfaction and parental alliance compared to the other three groups (p < .001). The results of the MANOVA test showed that the four groups were significantly different in all dimensions of parental burnout (p < .001), also, the fathers obtained higher scores in marital satisfaction (p < .04). The extent of visual impairment of the child(ren) can disrupt the relationship between children and parents with themselves and with each other by negatively affecting marital and parental outcomes.

One of the most prevalent and important physical disabilities is blindness. The birth of a blind child in the family is a problem for family members, causing stress in them, especially the parents. The present study aimed to compare biological and cognitive characteristics between mothers with one visually–impaired child, mothers with more than one visually–impaired children, and mothers with healthy children.

This was a causal–comparative research. The study population consisted of the mothers of Healthy children and the mothers of visually–impaired students in Tehran and Karaj Cities, Iran, in the 2017–18 academic year (N= 537 individuals). In this study, we used a simple random sampling method. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula as 224 people (120 mothers with one visually–impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually–impaired children, and 120 mothers with healthy children). The applied instruments in this study were biological and cognitive questionnaires. The scales’ scoring method was as follows: demographic questions and biological features have been collected at a nominal level, and there was no correct answer to them. Furthermore, in the cognitive properties section, some questions were responded in a nominal form and some other on a Likert–type scale (undetermined, low, medium, high, and very high. Of the total sample size selected, 57 people were employed, and 287 were housewives. Also the average age of mothers was 34.92 years and the average age of their offspring was 10.16 years. Also 173 people have son and 171 people had daughters. The investigated motherschr('39') educational level was as follows: 95: under the diploma degree, 190: diploma, 20: graduate students, 28: undergraduate students, and 11: undergraduates. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi–squared test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS.

In this research, initially, statistical assumptions were examined. The collected data revealed a significant difference between the study groups in terms of age (p<0.001). Moreover, the analysis of each dependent variable indicated that the 3 study groups significantly differed in maternal age variables, the paternal age, and the fathers’ age at marriage (p<0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups in the maternal age during pregnancy and the mothers’ age at marriage. Moreover, two by two–group comparisons, using Tukeychr('39')s posthoc test, suggested that the average age of mothers with healthy children was significantly less than the two other study groups (p<0.001). Besides, the average paternal age in the healthy children group was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). However, the average paternal age in the group of children with a visual impairment was significantly less than that of the group with more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). In addition, the average paternal age at marriage in the healthy children group was significantly more than that of the groups with one and more than one child with visual impairment (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the average paternal age at marriage in the group of mothers with one visual impairment and the group with more than one child with visual impairment. Also, there was a significant difference between the three groups of mothers in all cognitive characteristics (p<0.001). Additionally, the achieved results revealed significant differences in cognitive and awareness features between the three study groups.

The obtained data suggested significant differences in the biological and cognitive characteristics of the three study groups; thus, researchers could provide a preventive basis for childrenchr('39')s vision impairment.

The present study aims to investigate the study of psychometric properties of Arjmandnia questionnaire on parenting methods among families with visually impaired children. The method of the present study was descriptive survey and correlation study a fundamental purpose. The population of this study includes all visually impaired parent residing in Tehran during 2019-2020, of which 300 mothers including 185 parents of male students and 115 parents of female students were available for sampling and visits to schools for visually impaired children in Tehran city were selected. Data was collected using Arjmandnia Parenting Style Questionnair (APMQ) and Bumrind's Modern Parenting Style Scale (BPS) and analyzed using SPSS 24 and LISREL 8.8 software. The model fit indices were appropriate and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the 5-factor model of the scale was correct. The components of Arjmandnia parenting style include democratic parenting, cooperation with spouse in parenting, family role, exthedra parenting and parental dependence. In addition, all 28 questions of the questionnaire were approved. Cronbach's alpha and correlation tests indicate a favorable evaluation of this scale and its components. The Arjmandnia Parenting Styles Scale is a suitable Iranian instrument to study parenting styles and can be used in families with visually impaired children or in samples similar to the sample of the present study.

Parents and especially mothers of children with special needs due to having such a child can be exposed to risks that they can put in the advance training and rehabilitation is important. The aim of study is comparing personality traits and welfare in mothers of children with and without hearing impairment Method of study is casual-comparative. Population of study includes all mothers of children with hearing impairment in Karaj province. Among all, 57 mothers of children with hearing impairment and 57 mothers of children without hearing impairment were selected as sample groups. They answer to the questionnaire NEO and welfare. Results show that among the personality traits and welfare of mothers, there are no significant differences between the two groups (p=0/892) But between the personality traits and welfare variables are meaningful relationship.(p<0/01). In order to increase the level of mental health of mothers with hearing impairment, providing guidelines of consultants and training workshops can be useful.

The purpose of this study is to examine and predict factors related to anxiety of mothers with exceptional children in Jiroft city in 2011. In this applied and correlative research, the statistical population includes all the mothers of mentally retarded, deaf and blind children who are being educated in schools special for exceptional children in Jiroft. The sample consists of 60 mothers of exceptional children who are selected by random sampling. The answers given to Beck anxiety and the researcher-made questionnaires are analyzed by using correlation coefficient and multiple regression method. Analysis of the data reveal that there is a significant correlation between the mother’s anxiety and the knowledge of mothers about how to raise and treat exceptional children, the social limitations of mothers, the root cause of disability of the exceptional child, the effect of the child’s disability on family relationships, sense of responsibility of mothers, and the father’s presence. In addition, the result of this study show there are factors that increase the mothers’ anxiety.

The objective of this stady is trying to find ananswer to this question;"is there a significant difference between mothers with exceptional children with mothers of normal children in terms of mental health?" Respondents for this survey include 516 mothers with exceptional children (202 mental retardness,63 deef children, 58 blind children ,94 motor- phisical disorder and 99 multi disabled children), that all of them were collected and counted ,as well as 69 people of mothers with normal children that were selected randomly ,the instrument has been employed in this study was general health questionnaire(GHQ) that composed of 28 question ,our research proposal is causal comparative method.
Findings and Our statistical findings show that generally there is a significant difference between mothers with exceptional children with mothers of normal group in terms of depression and physical signs.
In terms of insomnia and anxiety there is no significant difference among mothers with multi disabled children, retardness children ,motor-physical,blind and sight disorders. And ear and ear problems children . there was a significant difference between mothers with normal children with mothers with multi disabled children and retardeness children in terms of insomnia and anxiety.while there was no difference between mothers with normal kinds with mothers with deaf and blind kind in terms of insomnia and anxiety.
There was no significant difference among mothers with multi disabled kids,retarded kids, motor-physical disorder kids,blind and deaf kids in terms of social functions.however there was a significant difference between mothers with normal kids and the ones with retarded,multi disabled,motor-physical disorder and deaf kids in terms of social function.wile there was meaningful difference between mothers with normal kids and mothers with blind kids.

Background and Attachment style is a determining factor in one’s capability in problem solving and adaptation to problems and frustrations. Present study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles with avoidant coping styles in mothers of children with hearing impairment. Current research was a correlational study. 151 mothers of children with hearing impairment that were studying in special schools in Tabriz and its suburbs in 2013-2014 academic year were selected using census sampling method. Participants completed Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (Read and Collins, 1990) and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler & Parker, 1990). The results showed that avoidant insecure attachment in mothers of children with hearing impairment could predict their avoidant coping strategy (t=2, p0/04>); However, secure attachment style (t=0/91, p0/36>) and ambivalent insecure attachment style (t=1/11, p0/261>) could not significantly predict avoidant coping strategies. Therefore, there was no correlation between attachment styles of mothers of children with hearing impairment and their avoidant coping strategy, and insecure attachment style of mothers was the only variable that could predict their avoidant coping strategy. According to our findings, mothers’ psychological well-being deficits may affect the relationship between attachment styles and avoidant coping strategies in mothers of children with hearing impairment.

Background and Gender dysphoria is a disorder that causes problems for families and societies. This research compared the level of social adjustment between mothers of transgender children and mothers of normal children. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether having a transgender child has or has not a negative effect on social adjustment of mothers.
This research compared the level of social adjustment between mothers of transgender children and mothers of normal children. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether having a transgender child has or has not a negative effect on social adjustment of mothers.
In a case-control study 80 mothers with transgender teenagers (n= 40) and normal children (n= 40) were randomly selected from those attending Tehran Psychiatry Institute. The Social Adjustment Scale (Weissman & Paykel) was used which investigates social adjustment in seven main areas.
The results showed a significant difference between social adjustment in mothers of transgender children and mothers of normal children (P In this study social adjustment of mothers of transgender children was less than that of mothers with normal children.