To study the effects of xenia and methaxenia on the pistachio Nut, 4 male genotypes from among all male genotypes provided by Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute were selected. The flowering period of the chosen genotypes was the same as 3 female cultivars of Kalleghoochi, Ohadi, and Ahmadaghaii. By using Split plot in the Form OF completely randomized blocks design, we conducted various experiments during 2005 and 2006. Only total fruit weight and blankness have Been affected by the pollen type. Highest fruit weight Were related to fruits of kalleghuchi cultivar (3.4gr) and lowest fruit weight belonged to fruits of ohadi(2.2gr). Highest percent of blankness in the first year WAS related to ahmadaghaii fruits (27%) and r27 pollens Had the highest percent of blankness in both years (33%,25%). By the way, highest fruit weight and lowest blankness was established by male genotype’s pollen of N16. The highest percentage of fat was found in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (52.92%) and the lowest in Kalleghoochi (45.48%). From among different factors and their interacting effects, only the effect of pollen and cultivar type on the fat content of the fruit was significant only at 5% level. Thus R27 and N16 pollen produced the highest fat content in the kernels of Ahmadaghaii (58.7 and 57.7%). The most common simple unsaturated fatty acid found in the kernels of all cultivars was oleic acid and the most important compound unsaturated fatty acid in fruit kernels was lynoleic acid. Pollen type was only effective on the amount of meristoleic and palmitoleic fatty acids. The amount of macro and micro elements measured in kernels and hulls of 3 pistachio cultivars had a significant difference. The interactive effect of pollen and cultivar type affected the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, iron, and bore in fruit kernels at 1% level, but had no effect on hull elements.

A number of grapevine cultivars have female flowers and for better fruit set, they need pollinizer. Single planting of these cultivars leads to severe decrease in fruit set. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of cross pollination with four grape cultivars (Askari, Rish baba, Bidane sefid and Tabarze sefid) on fruit set, bunch weight, berry per cluster, average weight of 20 berries, TA, TSS, pH and berry color of cv. Qezel ouzum to compare self and open pollination. Experiment was based on RCBD with four replications and seven treatments. Pollen germination of maternal parent was tested in both solid and liquid media culture. Results showed that cluster and rachis weight, %fruit set, berry number and pH were significantly affected by pollen sources. The heaviest bunch and the highest %fruit set of ‘Qezel ozum’ was obtained when cross pollinated with ‘Bidane sefid’. No pollen germination was observed in both culture media and no berry set in vineyard conditions in self pollination treatment. Based on these finding, Qezel ouzum of urmia is a male sterile cultivar which requires suitable pollinizer for commercial production.

To evaluate the effects of pollen source and grafting on morphological characteristics and color of tomatoes, different cultivars with various fruit colors were grown and investigated in three experiments. In the first experiment, the red sweet olive cultivar was used as female parent and yellow pear, violet cherry, yellow palm garden and orange olive cultivars were used as male parents. In the second experiment, the orange olive cultivar was used as female parent and yellow palm garden, yellow pear and violet cherry cultivars were used as male parents. In the third experiment, the red cherry cultivar was used as scion and grafted on large red and yellow palm garden cultivars, and red cherry cultivar was used as control without grafting. Manual pollination was used in the first and the second experiments. Based on the results of the first experiment, different pollen sources significantly affected volume of fruit in red olive cultivar (P≤0.05). In the second experiment, different pollen sources significantly affected weight and volume of fruits in the orange olive cultivar (P≤0.05). In the third experiment, different rootstocks significantly affected fruit length of red cherry tomato cultivar (P≤0.05). Results of this research showed that selection of hybrid fruits is possible by fruit volume and weight and also rootstock affects scion fruit characteristics.

Date palm is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. The yield and fruit quality of this crop depend on several factors especially the pollen source. In order to determine the effect of pollen source on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit of tissue cultured "Zahedi" date palm, the experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three male genotypes (M001, M002 and M003) and three stages of fruit growth (Khalal, Rutab and Tamar). Some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit were studied at the fruit growth stages. Results showed that fruit length, diameter, and fresh weight as well as pH, TA, TSS, TSS/TA, total sugar content, and yield are affected by the type of pollen. It was found that fruit and seed size and volume and fruit TA were decreased while fruit TSS, pH, TSS/TA and total sugar content were significantly increased toward Tamar stage. It was found that M001 compared to other studied male genotypes improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit and increased the yield (28.9 kg) of "Zahedi" cultivar.

Regarding the diversity of male date varieties in Khuzestan province used for pollination of female trees, the importance of pollen type in fertilization, its affect on quality and quantity of fruits and the prominence of their variation for breeding objects. In this study, the pollen morphology of 15 male date varieties were studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). For this propose, pollen grains were photographed at 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 and 20000 X in different angles and polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), P/E ratio, exine patterns were studied. Results indicated that date pollen is ellipsoid in shape; and exine is reticulate with a main fissure. There were significant differences in length and diameter of pollen grains under study. Maximum and minimum length belonged to Ghanami sabz (code 7) and Ghanami Shadegan (code 8), respectively and Samesmavi (code 1) and Ghanami Shadegan (code 8) had the max and min diameter respectively. Comparisons of the spectrum analysis of mineral composition showed that main elements of different studied date pollen grains are carbon, oxygen, chlorine and phosphorous

Selection and introduction of superior genotypes from native populations is one of the most common improving methods for fruit trees in the world. Iran as a very important origin of apricot has a huge diversity of varieties, so a rich collection of local and imported genotypes of apricot was induced in Sahand Horticultural Research Station from 1971. Nasiri 90 and other four superior varieties were evaluated as a ten years old project in three different areas of East Azerbaijan province. In addition to all vegetative and productive traits, some important tests such as evaluation of chill and heat requirement, determination of incompatibility and pollinizer, xenia and metaxenia, drying and processing, determining of suitable harvest time and packaging method were studied during these years. Results showed that Nasiri 90 had high yield (above 10 t/h), big fruit size, high flesh thickness, and high fruit sugar, so is suitable for drying. Its chill and heat requirements are 825 C.U and 3350 G.D.H respectively. Also because of its incompatibility and metaxenia, it is better to use from Aybatan and Maragheii90 apricots as pollinizer. Suitable harvest time of this variety was 81 days after full bloom synchronous with 27750 growth degree hour. Vegetative and fruit quality traits of this variety had a good stability in different area and years but its bearing and yield were depended on different climatic conditions.

In 2007 and 2008, the influence of pollen source on the shell and kernel traits of resulting seeds and on fruit set was examined to evaluate the potential for Xenia or Metaxenia in Persian walnut. Pistillate flowers of ‘Jamal’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Hartley’ and ‘Pedro’ were crossed with the pollen of ‘Serr’, ‘Z60’ and ‘Damavand’. The pistillate flowers on each female parent were covered about one week before starting the reception period of the flowers, and the bags remained 7-10 days after pollination. The catkins of the male parents were collected just prior to pollen shedding, and they were kept in room temperature for 24- 48 hours. Collected pollen was refrigerated until use. Pollination was done when the stigmas were expanded and were pinkish in color. Data recording were started after removing the bags and measuring the percent of fruit set and recording the fruit growth and time of ripening. The fruits, nut and kernel weight, length, diameter, length to diameter, shell thickness, shell weight and kernel percentage were evaluated after harvest. The result showed that nut and kernel diameter, kernel weight, length to diameter, shell-thickness and shell weight were affected by pollen source. There were also significant differences in the fruit set of the different pollen parents. Pollens of ‘Damavand’ and ‘Z60’ significantly decreased the nut diameter and weight in some female parents. Total fat and protein content of kernels were significantly affected by the type of pollen parent.