The culture of living contains a significant impact on the life of residents of neighborhoods with traditional and modern houses, so that the discrepancy between the culture of living and residential space causes dissatisfaction of residents. The current research, with the aim of exploring the culture of living in the houses of traditional neighborhoods from the viewpoint of residents using retroductive strategy based on the theories of Amos Rapaport, seeks to demonstrate three components of the culture of living encompassing manners of living, semantic patterns, and preferences in the neighborhood in the Sorkhab neighborhood of Tabriz that has a good residential diversity. The data were obtained in the form of semi-structured interviews with residents of traditional and new houses in Sorkhab neighborhood. Interviews were conducted up to data saturation and the responses received from residents were categorized. Cronbach's pretest and alpha were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questions. In the continuation of the analysis, comparison of traditional and new houses for the studied variables was performed using t-student test and comparison of the mean of age groups using Duncan's multiple range test and correlation of traits and analysis of variance on the group. Age was done. The results of data analysis in the field of manners of living indicate that the reason to choose a traditional neighborhood to live in the traditional houses, is the financial compulsion, whereas it is the identity and gentry of neighbors in the modern houses. Furthermore, existing a yard for gathering, enough spaces, living with relatives via a good neighborhood and neighbors in the traditional houses, as well as the appropriate dimensions, the number of spaces, separation of private space for guests, the reconstructed house, and belonging to the neighborhood in the modern houses, are recognized as the most important strength points of houses for living. In response to the semantic patterns, the highest percentages of residents of traditional and modern houses have mentioned the value of the traditional houses and neighborhoods as a model of identity, gentry and beauty. Ultimately, in terms of the residential preferences, the highest percentage of residential preferences from the viewpoint of residents at the traditional houses was primarily related to living in the modern neighborhoods and houses. In contrast, most residents of the modern houses, preferred living in the traditional neighborhoods and modern houses. Among the residents, the middle-aged and older groups were more likely than young people to live in traditional neighborhoods. This paper discloses the need to pay attention to the renovation and reconstruction of houses in the traditional neighborhoods for a better living environment for residents.

Given the significant social disruptions caused by natural disasters in urban areas fostering social resilience as a capability not only helps to maintain the initial performance of cities, but also contributes to their post-disaster improvement and prosperity. This study focused on evaluating the indicators of social resilience in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz as these historical areas were among the most vulnerable parts of the city and played a crucial role in restoring normal social conditions. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. In the analysis section, SPSS software was utilized, employing one-way variance and sample t-test methods to examine the impacts of gender, age, and education on the three functional, social, and cultural dimensions. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were investigated using multivariate regression analysis. The research findings highlighted that the indicators of creating an inclusive urban space for all segments of society, fostering a sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood, were the most influential factors in promoting social resilience. Moreover, enhancing resilience in the face of crises necessitated increasing social interactions and raising people's awareness. Therefore, establishing a platform that fostered social interactions within the neighborhood and served as a hub for activities could expedite the neighborhood's recovery process during times of crisis. 

Given the rapid population growth in cities, it is crucial to prioritize the social and administrative processes associated with urban functioning and evaluate residents' resilience to natural hazards (Hook et al., 2020: 98). Cities should be designed in a manner that minimizes risks, builds resilience, and enables swift recovery from disasters (Burton, 2015). Natural disasters have profound social repercussions in cities, making it imperative to promote social resilience as a capability that not only maintains cities' initial performance, but also fosters their post-disaster improvement and prosperity (Brown et al., 2012: 24). Resilient cities possess the ability to respond effectively to risks and stresses (Maguire et al., 2007: 16). However, in most studies on urban resilience, there is a relatively limited focus on assessing social and economic resilience compared to infrastructure, environmental, and institutional resilience (Sharifi, 2020). Social resilience aims to enhance the capacity to adapt to change, effectively navigate unexpected circumstances, and emphasize the significance of social relationships and individuals' sense of belonging to their living environment. Considering the vulnerability of historical neighborhoods, which are of significant importance, restoration of these areas to their desired living conditions is heavily influenced by their social status. Due to their age and lack of maintenance, historical neighborhoods often suffer from a diminished sense of belonging among residents. Additionally, these neighborhoods tend to attract individuals with limited financial means, who promptly relocate to better circumstances, indicating a lack of identity. The lack of social cohesion in such neighborhoods contributes to their limited resilience in the social dimension, necessitating a redesign that enhances neighborhood identity, social cohesion, and solidarity. The historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. However, this neighborhood has faced challenges related to deteriorating identity and neglected social relations. During natural disasters or other man-made issues, the social damages observed at the neighborhood level and dissatisfaction of residents with social conditions are indicative of the neighborhood's inability to adapt to changes. This is primarily due to the insufficient solidarity, sense of belonging, and participation among residents, which are essential social assets for fostering resistance and resilience against sudden changes. Consequently, the current conditions have failed to meet the residents’ social needs. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore the components of social resilience in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood in Tabriz. By utilizing the findings and results of this study, urban design projects could be informed to enhance the quality of urban spaces and promote social resilience.
 

This research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. The required information and data were gathered through a comprehensive review of relevant literature using library sources. The extracted indicators and criteria were then analyzed. Some criteria did not necessitate a questionnaire or collection of people's opinions. Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of these indicators and criteria in Sorkhab Neighborhood were conducted through field sampling and observation methods. However, certain criteria required a questionnaire and inclusion of people's opinions. To collect the opinions of individuals residing in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood regarding social resilience, a survey was administered in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed using a Likert scale. To assess the impact of gender, age, and education on the functional, social, and cultural dimensions (excluding the physical dimension, which did not require a questionnaire), one-way variance tests and t-tests were employed. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were examined using multivariate regression analysis. Based on the questionnaire results and tests, solutions were proposed to enhance social resilience. The compiled questionnaire evaluated the dimensions and components identified in the previous sections from the perspective of the citizens. It included individual questions concerning age, gender, education, as well as questions related to functional, cultural, and social aspects, which were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "very low" to "very high". SPSS software was utilized to perform one-way variance tests and one-sample t-tests, enabling the investigation of the effects of gender, age, and education on the three dimensions. The sampling method employed was completely random with residents of the neighborhood being surveyed. Sorkhab Neighborhood had a population of 1204 individuals and 384 households. Based on Cochran's test, with an error rate of 0.063, 200 questionnaires were completed. The highest frequency of respondents was male accounting for 61%, while the lowest frequency was female at 44%.
 

The overall findings of the analysis revealed that, with the exception of criteria, such as access to services, a sense of belonging, and unity among residents, the neighborhood did not exhibit favorable conditions across the remaining criteria. These results emphasized the importance of enhancing residents' awareness in both functional and social dimensions with age being a significant influencing factor in the social dimension. Therefore, when setting goals for these dimensions, it was crucial to consider the preferences and tastes of each generation. The factor of gender played a notable role in the cultural dimension, highlighting the need for establishing fairness between the two gender groups.
Among all the criteria, the sense of belonging and hope for the neighborhood's future had the greatest impact on increasing social resilience. On the other hand, the criterion of creating social groups to address neighborhood issues demonstrated the least influence. Among the various dimensions, the cultural dimension exerted the most significant impact on social resilience, demanding greater attention compared to the other dimensions. In terms of the physical aspect, it was evident that Sorkhab Neighborhood lacked designated spaces for residents. The limited number of activities within the neighborhood could be attributed to the presence of abandoned spaces predominantly used as parking lots, which failed to attract people and consequently have a low level of utilization. The aging buildings in the neighborhood, due to its historical nature, rendered many of them uninhabitable. Furthermore, the narrow width of local roads compromised the safety of both residents and users within the neighborhood. Overall, the physical condition of the neighborhood was unsatisfactory, posing significant challenges for residents and creating hazardous conditions during crises and even in normal circumstances.
 

In this study, the scholars’ opinions were examined and the indicators of social resilience were extracted and investigated in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab, Tabriz. The findings indicated that the functional dimension was influenced by the factor of education, while the social dimension was influenced by both age and education. The cultural dimension emerged as the most influential dimension with age and gender exerting an impact on this dimension. Among the indicators, creating an inclusive urban space, fostering a sense of belonging, and instilling hope for the neighborhood's future were found to be the most influential factors contributing to social resilience.
The results highlighted the importance of increasing social interactions and raising awareness to enhance resilience in the face of crises. By improving educational and informational opportunities for all residents of the neighborhood and creating safe spaces that facilitate social interaction and presence, it is possible to directly improve social resilience and foster a stronger sense of membership and pride. The sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood are particularly impactful. Therefore, establishing a platform that promotes social interactions and serves as a hub for neighborhood activities would lead to a swift restoration of the neighborhood during times of crisis. Additionally, providing necessary psychological support training to influential individuals within the neighborhood during crises can be effective in encouraging and reassuring residents.

Preserving the identity of historical textures alongside the need for new constructions highlights the importance of paying attention to new housing in these neighborhoods. Although new constructions utilize modern materials and technologies, they often disrupt the continuity and integrity of the historical fabric due to a lack of harmony with its characteristics. This study qualitatively and quantitatively develops design principles and evaluates the status of new housing in the historic Sarakhab district. The research strategy includes both theoretical and field components. In the theoretical section, the conceptual framework was based on design principles within historical contexts and their physical systems, analyzing the physical characteristics of historic houses in the Sarakhab fabric. In the field section, structured non-participatory studies were conducted on new houses in the Sarakhab fabric using the case study method. The study population consisted of 72 new residential plots categorized into 14 types. The obtained data were analyzed using Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient to compare and examine the spatial and physical dimensions. The findings indicate that among the new housing types in the Sarakhab fabric (with a significance level of 0.0001), types 2 and 5 have greater harmony with the fabric. In the analysis of the three dimensions—space, architectural physicality, and the placement of architectural physicality in space (with a Pearson coefficient of 0.560)—attention to elements such as pathways and landscapes in the spatial dimension leads to harmony in the placement of architectural physicality within the space. Additionally, in the architectural physicality dimension, elements like shape, scale, materials, and components (with a significance level of 0.048) and in the placement dimension, elements like plot division, observance of building perimeters, and views to natural elements and masses (with a significance level of 0.0001) are considered the disharmonizing elements of the fabric. Solutions were provided to improve the disharmonizing indicators in each of these elements.

Today, the physical factors affecting the formation of social interactions and, consequently, the sense of community in neighborhoods have been ignored. This seems to be due to the sudden acceleration of the growth and development of neighborhoods, which has ultimately led to forgetting the social nature of neighborhoods. This is happening at a time when neighborhoods have previously played a special role in the interactions between urban life and citizens. Therefore, these changes have led to problems such as reduced cooperation and trustworthy social relations, and as a result, the continuation of this has hindered the social development of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of objective and subjective dimensions of the neighborhood on the sense of community in the old and new neighborhoods of Tabriz. Sorkhab and Dohchi neighborhoods have been studied as an example of old texture neighborhoods and Yaghchian neighborhoods as a sample of new texture neighborhoods. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Library and field studies have been used for data collection and sample t-test, Spearman and regression statistical tests have been used for analysis.  The path model shows that the objective dimension has a greater impact on the sense of community. Also, the objective dimension, the body component, and the building area index, and the subjective dimension, the meaning component, and the security index have the greatest impact on the social sense of the mentioned neighborhoods. Therefore, planners and designers must pay attention to the components of the objective dimension (body) and the subjective dimension (meaning) to promote the sense of community in old and new neighborhoods. The innovation of this research is in comparing the components affecting the sense of community in old and new tissues using a quantitative method.

Due to the weakening of the bonds of place-human that are part of globalization, spatial mobility, and environmental problems, bond and attachment to place (psychological issues) and cognitive issues are major factors in overcoming these problems, and in achieving environmental sustainability. Thus to enhance the attachment to place and to reduce the spatial mobility in new and central urban environments, it necessary to review the factors and variables affecting the place attachment in these environment. Place attachment involves positively experienced bonds, sometimes occurring without awareness, that are developed over time from the behavioral, affective, and cognitive ties between individuals and groups and their socio-physical environment. The neighborhood attachment is embedded in the relationships between physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects of people-residential environment transactions. The few research studies that took into account more than one type of place demonstrate that attitudes towards place and their predictors may differ depending on the spatial scale. The present paper attempts to evaluate the theories of place attachment at central neighborhood and at three scales of home, neighborhood, city, and factors of place attachment and relationship among these factors with attachment intensity and spatial scale. The research is conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods such as drawing cognitive maps and distribution of questionnaires among Sorkhab (historical-central) neighborhood residents. Results of test showed that there is a U shaped relationship between place attachment intensity and spatial scale. Attachment to home has the highest value and attachment to neighborhood has the lowest one. There are descending linear relationship between cognitive and spatial scale from home to city and also a U shaped relationship between cognitive- attachment value and spatial scale. This relationship is of the highest value for the city scale and of the lowest for neighborhood scale. Evaluation of cognitive maps drawn by residents showed that cognitive maps of neighborhood have the highest frequency for the ways, nods, symbols and edges, while for the cognitive maps of city, this belongs to ways, edges, symbols and nods. So symbols at neighborhood scale and nodes at city scale have the more impact upon the residents’ mental image and legibility of neighborhood and city. Socio-demographic factors (gender, marital status, home ownership, car ownership, age, education, type of transportation, duration of residence) showed consistent impacts on place attachment and a strong positive and significant relationship was established between social factors and attachment to neighborhood. Understanding the relationship between place attachment and place identity and characteristics of the activities is useful for planners and urban designers in making livable and meaningful urban places. Also the results showed that increase of the spatial scale decrease the intensity of residents’ mental image. The results of the research indicate that in order for improving attachment to historic neighborhood, affective dimension (physical factors) and cognitive dimension of attachment to neighborhood must be taken into account, and more emphasis must be placed on improving symbols and ways in neighborhood; on the other hand, there is a need for improvement efforts for neighborhood center to enhance residents’ participation and social relations.

The neighborhoods in the central part of Tabriz are vulnerable to natural and human hazards due to the age and exhaustion of construction materials and narrow, disordered passages due to the lack of infrastructure and urban facilities. This situation has reduced the possibility of aids and crisis management and, eventually, the resiliency of the neighborhoods in times of crisis and emergencies. Therefore, it necessitates the analysis and promotion of the level of resiliency of neighborhoods. This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method with the aims of recognizing the condition of resiliency of the considered neighborhoods and zoning the resiliency level of the old 24 neighborhoods of the central part of Tabriz in the four-fold dimensions of resiliency and subscale indices of each dimension using the methods of electricity and AHP, and seeking the opinions of experts and relevant specialists in Tabriz central area neighborhoods. The findings and results of the study showed that the physical, social and economic dimensions gained the lowest place respectively among the four dimensions of resiliency measurement. Mansour, Ahrab, Maghsoudiyeh and Daneshsara neighborhoods have the highest resiliency and the neighborhoods of Gajil, Baghshomal, Maralan and Sorkhab have the lowest level of resiliency among the studied 24 neighborhoods.

Tabriz was one of the important centers in constitutionalist revolution. A long with constitutionalist triumph and establishing provincial association، the role of different groups of Tabriz neighborhoods (including poor workers as well as crusaders، preachers، intellectuals and businessmen) became very significant. Provincial association wanted to establish miner association in Tabriz neighborhoods. After that، neighborhoods association members، who were the representatives of the central association in their neighborhood، performed political and cultural activities. On the other hand، members of each neighborhood that belonged to different classes did cultural and military activities، for example establishing crusader groups and selecting the most outstanding military leaders and defense of constitutionalist system in critical times. They also founded new schools and published some newspapers. Because of aggravation of disagreements، constitutionalist system opponents in neighborhoods like Duhchi، Sorkhab and Sheshkalan also established associations and published newspapers to oppose constitutionalist system followers. In the present paper، we will study the political، cultural and military activities of two groups in neighborhoods following constitutionalist system، including members of miner association and non-members. Our purpose is recognizing their roles in each neighborhood when defending constitutionalist system. We will also refer to the political، military and cultural activities of their opponents in Tabriz neighborhoods to oppose constitutionalist system followers and try to stop establishing constitutionalist system. We will show constitutionalists significant role to prevent constitutionalist system falling.

Since old structures of cities display culture, ideology and architecture of these cities, they are really precious for us. Industrial revolution made the growth of the cities faster and the border of the cities extended to the neighboring lands. Traditional areas in big cities of Iran and developing countries are facing an imbalanced situation. Presenting and analysis of new urbanism to improve traditional region of Sorkhaab in Tabriz and the least intervention in its structure is the goal of the article. The writers of this article have tried to evaluate the theory of “using new urbanism to improve traditional region of Sorkhaab.”

Three main components of a place form this construct: evaluations, activities, and physical attributes. Place attachment involves positively experienced bonds, sometimes occurring without awareness, that are developed over time from the behavioral, affective, and cognitive ties between individuals and groups and their socio-physical environment. Weakening of human- place transaction is related to globalization, place mobility and environmental problems, bond and attachment to place (General Psychology) and behavioral issues. A general model of neighborhood attachment undoubtedly requires analyzing person-environment transactions by considering a larger amount of neighborhoods, in order to control the effect of specific areas. The research method is a descriptive-adaptive survey based on the study of documents that has been recently published in the context of measurement of places attachment. At the same time, a preliminary study has been performed in order to further recognize the location of the target place as well as to analyze the physical and social issues of that place for sample selection. The sampling of residents has been done with the method of clustering in which one hundred people have been chosen. In this study, the dependent variables are the place attachment (cognitive and emotional aspects) and the scale of the location (region and city). The neighborhood attachment is embedded in the relationships between physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects of people-residential environment transactions. The cognitive component of neighborhood attachment is multi-faceted, being related to architectural, social and functional features. The affective component of neighborhood attachment increases with a growth of pleasant and arousing places, and the decrease of gloomy places in the neighborhood and the behavioral aspect has to do with the possibility to find places for socialization and leisure activities. Understanding the relationship between place attachment and place identity and activity characteristics is useful for planners, urban designers in making livability the meaningful urban places. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between people and their residential environment by construct of place, in order to get indications for neighborhood improvement coming from real experiences for residents. The few studies considered more than one type of place demonstrate which means that attitudes towards place and their predictors may differ depending on the place scale. The previous researches reported a curvilinear, U shaped, relationship between scale of place and strength of place attachment. Neighborhood tended to attract fewer emotions than home or city. This paper is trying to study the theories and the organized framework of “place attachment” model. It also presents the findings of new researches about socio-demographic factors that influence on place attachment, its relationship to identity and place dependence and models for evaluating assumptions. The results to measure the validity and generalizability of items and dimensions of “place attachment” model, provide identity and place dependence as two dimensions of place attachment that the model, in three forms (people, dimensions and areas) are different and in the items of dimensions are generalizable. More, the finding of tests conducted in the central neighborhood of Tabriz showed that residents of historical-central areas feel more attached to their neighborhood and this effect cannot generalize to the attachment to the city. We found that there is direct relationship between cognitive and emotional dimensions of attachment to the neighborhood. The social-meaning factors in neighborhood scale and physical factors in city scale are such factors that influence on the place attachment. In addition, the residents in this neighborhood are mainly from a medium-low class, and this probably affects the choice of the residential environment, their cognitions, affect, and activities. Applicable solutions of the place attachment model in the sample of residential regions, especially in the cultural and historical contexts, indicates that considering the indexes of cognitive aspect of the model, it requires to create memorable spaces and increase the knowledge of people about their region in order to increase the place attachment of people to their region. On the other hand, making the physical spaces legible, for example removal of unrelated functions, making sufficient lightening with the aim of increasing the sense of security, increasing the green spaces, decreasing the closeness and limited visibility (Pattern or scheme), as well as the preservation and restoration of historical and cultural value of neighborhoods, for example rehabilitation of the neighborhood center, restoration and improvement of gates, Sorkhab market, improvement single monuments to maintain their identity and making self-confidence (the results of attachment to place) in the residents of neighborhoods and historical neighborhoods are meaningful for their residents.