Wars are one of the most important factors in creating and changing trade routes. During the Shāh Abbās Safavid era, the war with the Ottomans, Uzbeks and Portuguese influenced the dispersal of merchants. Those wars made the trade route, from north to south of Iran, more important and merchants gather in the cities along the way. In this study, by library study and descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the questions such as what effect did the wars have on the dispersal of merchants in Safavid Irān? Research shows that these wars have changed trade routes and the greatest focus should be on the north-south route of the Safavid territory where the traders in accordance with this change of direction, regularly dispersed in the cities that were next to this route.

Simultaneously with the formation of class societies and civilizations in Mesopotamia, there was an increasing need for various sources. The civilizations in the Mesopotamian Plain, due to their limited and in some cases the lack of such sources, were forced to establish extensive connections with another areas. Tukrish is one of the areas that has been considered by the Mesopotamians in this regard. In Most of the researches that have been done on the approximate location of Tukrish, scattered references to this area in the inscriptions, have led researchers to consider only a few limited inscriptions for the final conclusion. In addition, there is an imbalance in the investigation of inscriptions and ancient works, among the researches related to Tukrish. For these reasons, various ancient areas and cultures have been proposed for this toponymy. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate about the inscriptions related to Tukrish, ancient mining and trade routes, in order to suggest the most suitable area for it. In the Mesopotamian inscriptions, Tukrish is introduced as a mountainous land, with a political system of princely settlements, with various mines and as a commercial intermediary. Tukrish is first attested in Ur III period. According to archaeological findings, a lapis lazuli and tin trade route was formed in the north of the Iranian plateau in the Ur III period. According to the available evidence, Tukrish was located somewhere on this trade route, in the northwest on Iran and the east of Assyria. According to the mentioned mines for Tukrish, its more precise location can be considered as the boundary between the two mining axes of Astana-Sarband and Takab-Dashkasen. This placement guarantees access to gold, silver and tin mines in the Sanandaj-Sirjan orogenic axis, especially Takab and Shazand mines, which have many ancient mining artifacts.

Small firms in the mobile application industry, a subsidiary of the software industry, can play a significant role in the economy of the country. Despite the technological capabilities, they are not successful in commercializing their products and earn adequate money. The purpose of this study is to identify the conceptual model of commercialization in these firms. In this study, by studying 12 firms, some successful and some unsuccessful, in an extended-multi case study the concepts required for commercialization including the dimensions of activities, drivers, internal and external capacities, and performance of the commercialization, and their relationship were discovered and the final conceptual model was presented. Then, in addition, to survey this model through questionnaires from interviewers, the developed conceptual model was tested on four cases. Identifying the internal and external capacities, attention to the portfolio of commercialization projects, and to emphasize on changing the commercialization paths based on the new opportunities or challenges and problems, are the main contributions of this study.

Waqf is one of the charritable acts in Islamic law. According to Islamic jurisprudence rules, it is possible to land owner that endow his prpperty with intention and purpose of commercialization from knowledge and technology; as in the past people used waqf for advancing and progressing knowledge with different ways and forms of waqf. Using waqf in commercialization of knowledge and technology has very affirmative and positive effects in economy and advancement of knowledge in society. Social cooperation and social justice are it’s results. We must try to culturalize this kind of waqf by informing the public and encouraging well-whishers.

One of the neglected topics in contemporary research is the effect of separation of Herat by the Paris Peace Treaty (1237AH/ 1857AD) on the economic life of Khorasan during the following three decades. This descriptive-analytical research was conducted to determine the economic topics affected by this issue and the benefits of this topic in the lives of people of Khorasan. Despite the excessive resources in this field and application of a more detailed overview of the topic with an analytical-adaptive approach, the most important effect was introduced as the obstruction of the trade route from East to West and vice versa, which led to the depriving of the cities of Khorasan from the benefits of commercial transactions. In addition, decreased prosperity of caravanserais and relevant job opportunities, changes in the use of agricultural land for opium cultivation and welcoming the trade of this product, and finally, promotion of Russian goods and increased price of products are among the other topics that affected the economic life of Khorasan during the period of 1273-1313AH/ 1857-1934AD. Meanwhile, the role of policy-making by England in line with benefits, such as creating a safe place for India and obtaining commercial revenues due to the blockage of the Herat crossing and attention to the Persian Gulf, is of great importance.

Although, in the early years of the twentieth century, Iran’s eastbound railway was meant to enhance the transit of goods between Iran and India, Pakistan’s divorce from the latter in 1947 put an end this ambition. Iran endeavored to improve political relations to the east in an effort to stabilize the eastern borders. It was, however, during the 70s oil crisis and the ensuing boom in Iranian economy that drove the Iranian government towards the re-invigoration of this trade route. The current article seeks to study economic and political measures adopted by the Pahlavi government during the 70s which aimed at rebuilding this transit route to the countries in the Indian ocean region. This research draws heavily upon historical documents and archives and the findings suggest that after improving its political relations with countries in the Indian ocean region in the 70s and thanks to rising oil prices, Iran initiated various development plans, such as economic and technical initiatives, to restart the eastbound railway again; an ambition that ended when the political landscape was overwhelmed by 1978-1979 developments in the two countries.

During World War I, Iran was attacked by two countries: Britain and Germany. These two countries, in line with their own interests, arrived in the southern Iran and the Fars province as well, and the foresaid province changed into the chess game between these two superpowers, and both countries, by taking some measures, were trying to checkmate the opponent. Politically, in the Qajar Persia, there were various factors that facilitate the involvement of both Britain and Germany in Iran: Military failure in preserving the territorial integrity of the Qajar rule, geographical position of Iran, disrupting trade routes of the southern Iran, and the importance of India to British government. The current research, through benefiting from inductive and library approaches, attempts to study the policies of these two countries in the Fars province during World War I.

The growth and prosperity of Tabriz, due to its political centrality and settlement among commercial route, did not last for long time. Besides, accruing of natural disasters, particularly, earthquakes, along with invasion of western neighbors led to the decline of the city. During a three-hundred-year period, eight major earthquakes happened and outbreaks of contagious diseases affected different areas of civil life. Various happenings, especially earthquakes, not only did destruct the city several times, but it also led to widespread death tolls which had some short and long-term social consequences. The present study, by applying descriptive-analytical method, attempts to explain the social consequences of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, as an independent variable on the social life of the inhabitants; besides, it tries to answer the main question of the paper: What are the social consequences of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, during the period of Safavid-Qajar rise in Tabriz? It is estimated that physical structure degradation, population decline, psychological problems, social deviations, superstitions, deterioration of living conditions, migration and unwillingness to improve accommodation conditions were the short and long-term consequences of natural disasters.

Qattali sect was founded by "Shah Saifullah Qattal" (578-674 AH) one of the mystics of the seventh century AH. Simultaneously with the invasion of Baghdad by Hulagu, Shah Saifullah Qatal and his companions migrated to the shores of the Persian Gulf via Basra. Due to the security of Kishchr('39')s trade route, Shah Saifullah Qattal was established in its post-border areas, namely Emaddeh, and was able to resave tax exempt from Atabaks of Fars and establish a strong relationship with the rulers of Lar. The intellectual and cultural heritage of this sect is available in the region of southern Fars and Hormozgan in the form of poem manuscript called “Tohfat-Al-Qoloub” (by Sayyid Ibrahim Sayyid Khalil) and the prose manuscript called “Tohfat-Al-Rafgebin” (by Sayyid Ali ibn Sayyid Hamdi). Since these sources have not been fully introduced so far, this article intends to question the historical-cultural aspects of this sect as a historical issue, with emphasis on newly found manuscripts, and using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that after the Mongol invasion, this sect was able to gain an intellectual-cultural status through the security of the Persian Gulf regions and established strong relations with the local rulers of the time.

The economic policies of Iran in the early nineteenth century led to the expansion of foreign trade. After that border customs became one of the important sources of income for the country. It seems that by the prosperity of border customs, Kermanshah was also developed due to being on the trade route leading to the Ottoman. The question of the present study is what was the influence of the border customs on the economic situation of Kermanshah from the Safavid period to the end of the Qajar period? This research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach based on documentary and library sources, especially travelogues, memoirs, and documents. The findings of the research indicate that the border customs did not have much effect on improving the economic situation of Kermanshah during the research period. Kermanshah was involved in the war due to its proximity to the Ottomans during the Safavid period which resulted in an unfavorable economic situation. The economy of Kermanshah grew during the reign of Karim Khan Zand and the rule of Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh. However, Kermanshah customs during the Qajar period did not have much effect on the economic situation prosperity of that region due to the First World War, the famine and the diseases it brought.