مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1399)

Three terms are used in holy Quran describing the battles against dissident groups: “Qital”, “Jihad” and “Fatah”. The arrival of Muslims into Persia has always been referred to as Fatah which has more extensive meaning comparing to the other two words. Fatah means the inauguration, not only in the physical sense but also “winning the hearts of the people”. To achieve a realistic explanation and analysis, in this study, the just war theory has been assumed as a model for ideological wars and a basis for measuring the conquest of Persia. So Fatah is surveyed and compared in three categories: the legitimacy of conquering Persia, observation of justice in making the peace and dealing with the defeated people and conclusion of conventions. The results revealed that the purpose of fighting for God has been combined with non-spiritual purposes and the spoils of war, and in many cases predominated the main goal. The commanders and the troops violated the privacy, property and lives of the people. The paper concluded that finally not only the Quran principles was not accomplished, rather it was brought into ruin by non-Islamic goals and behavior.

Many texts have been written about "awfāq" in Islamic world. Those books, in a way, have two sections: mathematical calculations and properties of squares, which the latter section has made them look like a talisman and it has placed them among the occult sciences. Awfāq has no place in mathematics in the older classifications, and in some newer categories they are in mathematics. Regardless of its originality, it has been codified and spread in Islamic world. Except in independent treatises, it has been considered mainly in encyclopedias and the three-part square has been repeated many times in other texts as well; Because it was imagined to be effective in facilitating of childbirth. "Seif Asfarangi", the poet in 7th/13th has often made themes by the wafq and drawing it on a ring jewel and he has pointed to the hundredth wafq on the flag of Kaveh, which is rarely seen in the treatises of wafq, but in other texts it is more mentioned the triple square.

Wars are one of the most important factors in creating and changing trade routes. During the Shāh Abbās Safavid era, the war with the Ottomans, Uzbeks and Portuguese influenced the dispersal of merchants. Those wars made the trade route, from north to south of Iran, more important and merchants gather in the cities along the way. In this study, by library study and descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the questions such as what effect did the wars have on the dispersal of merchants in Safavid Irān? Research shows that these wars have changed trade routes and the greatest focus should be on the north-south route of the Safavid territory where the traders in accordance with this change of direction, regularly dispersed in the cities that were next to this route.

The Examining the style of narration in historical sources is one of the most important points in historiography and causes the recognition of the constituent parts of a work such as perspective, linguistic structure, narrative techniques and art. The book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh by I’tizād Al-Saltana, as a work in which the author, as a narrator, depicts historical events while expressing the function of the institution of power, using special narrative elements, can help to understand Qajar historiography. The present research is based on the hypothesis that due to some narrative features of the book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh how does make it as an outstanding work by showing the interaction of social and political conditions and historical figures. The author's narrative style is originated from the political, social, cultural and literary atmosphere of his time and he turned to historical events with a linear narrative and the historical characters are in accordance with social structure and way of thinking. Also, the structure of the narrative is formed by using reporting and aesthetic language, and as a result, by deciphering the narratives, one can understand the effect of power on the language of the historical narrative of the Qajar period. Keywords: I’tizād Al-Saltana, Iksir Al-Tawārīkh, Historiography of Qajar Period, Narrative.

Bushehr baladiya (municipality) was one of the civil organization that came from the Constitutional Revolution, which was created in order to involve people in various social area, especially to develop discipline in urban life. Although this council was important in those years as one of the first serious experiences of the Iranian people in the fulfillment of democracy, it faced serious problems at the beginning.This paper considers the contents of the publication, documents and historical sources by using the historical research way based on description and analysis, shows the process of formation of Bushehr baladiya and how it works.The present research examines the performance of baladiya and moreover search deeply about the chances and challenges. This research is for answering the question: what were the problems that Bushehr baladiya had faced with them? It seems that several factors such as lack of development of necessary social and economic structures in the country, the government inability in providing and running councils, interference and influence of local powers such as tribal pressures and disturbances and the prevalence of various diseases were serious obstacles in continuation of the activities of that.

Until Before the February 22nd 1921 coup, the Cossack division and the gendarmerie were the two main military forces of Iran with different origins. Despite their contradictions, the two forces became somewhat closer during the 1919 agreement and partly cooperated together following the February 22nd 1921 coup, but their contradictions and rivalries immediately reappeared after the coup in early 1922, led to the disappearance of the independence of the gendarmerie and the integration into a uniformed army. The present study by reliable sources and researches has studied the background of those two forces to deal with the rise and fall of the gendarmerie after the coup until the end of the Lahouti uprising and so tries to answer the question that the how did the gendarmery lost its position in favor of the Cossack force? By a descriptive-analytical method this paper has analyzed how the Cossack force prevailed over the gendarmerie in the period from February 1921 to February 1922. The findings show that the three events of Colonel Mohammad Taghi Khan Pessian's uprising, the defeat of the Iron regiment, and the Lahouti's revolt provided the required grounds for the realization of Sardar Sepah's long-standing goal of eliminating the gendarmerie and integrating it into the Cossack force. In the new organization, he again placed the gendarmes in a lower position than the Cossacks.