A split plot experiment was conducted to investigate the seed and essence yield of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under the influence of type and method of application of nanofertilizers based on a complete random block design with arrangement of split plot-factorial in three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Fertilizers at 11 levels (Iron sulphate, nano-iron %10, Zinc sulphate, nano-zinc %20, urea and nano-urea, sulphate-potash, nano-potash %23, complete micro fertilizer, nano-complete micro-fertilizer, and control) along with different methods of application including (soil application, foliar application, and soil + foliar application) were considered. Results showed that use of urea fertilizer increased dry weight of shoots and plant height compared with the control group. The use of Nano-urea fertilizer could also significantly increased leaf area, harvest index, flower essence and essential oil yield compared to the control. Application of chemical and nanofertilizers of urea and potash had the most increasing effect on shoot dry weight and flower essential oil. Application of nano-urea increased essence production. Considering the desirable effects of nanofertilizers in comparison with chemical fertilizers, the use of nanofertilizers is suggested as an effective step toward sustainable agriculture.

Polyurethanes due to their excellent properties are used in different industrial applications. Polyurethane and polyurethane-ureas have been used as coating materials in factories ground areas and sport fields during the last decades. But improving their thermal stability was always the major goal for developing their applications. In this study the polyurethane-urea nanocomposites with nanodiamond were prepared by in situ polymerization and their chemical structure, thermal stability, glass transition temperature and also crystallinity were measured. The results showed 13˚C improvement in thermal stability by using only 0.1% of nanodiamond in polymer matrix. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was also increased and soft segment crystallinity was decreased by addition of nanodiamond in polymer matrix.

Major applications of nanotechnology in industry, agriculture, biology and medicine are growing. Given the broad range of nanoscience in medical sciences, evaluation of the cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanorods through comparing viability and apoptosis formed the objectives of this study. In this study, the nanorods were synthesized by coprecipitation method and transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was used for determination of the size and shape of nanoparticles. 200 and 800 μg/ml urea and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated nanorods, in forms of modified and non-modified, were assessed for toxicity using MTT assay 48 and 72 hours later. The length and diameter of the urea- and PEG-coated nanorods were 150 and 15 nm and 150 and 23 nm, respectively. Viability of cells exposed to non-modified iron oxide nanorods was less than modified form. This toxicity showed uptrend with increasing dose. Viability of the cells exposed to PEG-coated iron oxide nanorods was lower than urea-coated once. It appears that the increase in apoptosis affected by non-modified iron oxide nanorods might be resulted from formation of protein rings called Hard Corona around the nanorods. In addition, more increase of cell death by PEG-coated nanorods compared to urea-coated nanorods is indicator of the effect of type of coverage and type of cells on their cytotoxicity.

Urea Formaldehyde resin is an important rein in wooden panel industries. Compared with other amino resins, this resin is cheap and colorless when it is polymerized. It is used easily since its solvent is water. But it has some disadvantageous such as its low resistance to moisture and its emission during production and service which is harmful for human health. Researchers are conducting massive investigations to substitute formaldehyde in urea formaldehyde resin with other non harmful materials. Furfural is an aldehyde chemical material which react with urea as formaldehyde do. Furfural can be obtained from crop products such as wheat straw, corn stalk and sugar cane. In this study substitution of furfural instead of formaldehyde for making urea furfural resin and improvement of resulted resin using nano clay were investigated. Furfural and urea were mixed with molar ratio of 1 to 1, 1 to 2.2 and 1 to 3.5. Lap -sheer strength test was conducted to evaluate bond strength. Beech strands were dried before gluing. Ammonium chloride was used as hardener. Strand ends were glued using urea furfural resin and assembled. After resin curing in oven, assembled were tensile loaded and tensile strength was measured. 10 samples from each urea furfural resin were prepared for tensile test and tensile sheer strength were measured. results showed that urea furfural with molar ratio of 1 to 2.2 is the best among others. This resin was selected for next step of resin preparation. Nano-clay with amount of 0.5 %, 1 % and 2 % [oven dry wight of resin] was added to urea furfural resin with molar ratio of 1 to 2.2 and resin properties such as density, solid content, viscosity, gel time and bond shear strength were measured. Spectroscopy FTIR, Imaging FESEM and XRD for study reaction of nano-clay and its distribution in the resin were conducted. Results showed that urea furfural resin with molar ratio of 1 to 2.2 with the highest bond sheer strength is the best resin among others. Nano clay at three levels of 0.5%, 1% and 2 % was added to the best resin of urea furfural and caused improvement in resin properties. So that solid content of resin increased from solid content of control (resin without nano clay ) from 56 % to 56.5 %, 56.65%,and 56.8% respectively for adding 0.5%, 1% and 2% nano clay. Density of resin increased from 1.1 gr/cm3 for control to 1.135, 1.14, and 1.145 gr/cm3 for adding 0.5%, 1% and 2% nano clay. Viscosity from 95 second for control to 135,140,143 seconds respectively for adding 0.5%,1 % and 2%nanoclay. Bond shear strength from 1.7 MPa for control to 2.7,0.6 and 0.8 MPa respectively fot 5%,1% and 2% nano clay. Gel time reduced from 180 seconds for control to 160, 145,140 seconds respectively for 0.5% ,1% and 2% nano clay. Findings of this study showed that free formaldehyde urea furfural resin with urea to furfural molar ratio of 1 to 2.2 has the highest bond sheer strength (1.62 MPa) and adding 0.5 percent Nano clay to this resin caused an improvement in its bond sheer strength, density, solid content, viscosity, and gel time. Improvement by adding nano clay up to 5.0% was noticeable but improvement by adding higher levels of nano clay was low. Regarding above results it can be concluded that produced urea furfural with urea to furfural molar ratio of 1 to 2.2 and adding o.5 % nano clay is a suitable substitution for urea formaldehyde resin which can be recommended for particleboard and medium density fiberboard industries.

Aim and Functional nanoparticles have offered many hopes in drug delivery. These structures not only increase the efficiency of nanoparticle-associated drugs, but also attenuate the side effects of these therapeutic agents. In this study various nanoparticulate formulations of Hydroxyurea (HU) were constructed. reverse phase evaporation technique was used to obtain the Hydroxyurea-loaded liposome. Aspartic acid containing-Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were manufactured using reduction of chloroauric acid salt. DNA extracted from human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was then conjugated to GNPs (nanoconjugate). Nanoconjugate was subsequently mixed with Hydroxyurea-loaded liposome to give nanoconjugate complex. Obtained nanoparticulate formulations were characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-Vis spectrophotometery methods. Spectrophotometery was also used to determine the drug loading efficiency. MTT assay and MCF-7 cell line was contributed to provide the information about cytotoxicity effects of various formulations. Drug loading efficiency was found to be 70%. While nanoconjugate complex gave the largest size with 502 nm, size of produced GNPs was minimum with 29 nm. Although compared to free drug, efficiency was significantly enhanced when HU was coupled to nanoparticulate formulations, this effect was more evident at lower concentrations of drug (>20 µM). In this regard cytotoxicity effect of nanocomplex was prominent. Cytotoxicity effects of HU-loaded liposome and nanoconjugate complex at lowest concentration (5 µM) were estimated to be 70 and 81 percent respectively. More cytotoxicity observed with nanoconjugate complex could be attributed to an increase in the HU transfer to cell because of GNPs. Free HU showed cytotoxicity effects equal to 32 and 88 percent at 5 and 2500 µM, respectively. Results of the study showing that liposome nanoparticle could be considered as a suitable carrier for HU. It has demonstrated that GNPs exert essential role in which at the present of this nanoparticle as nanocomplex structure, cytotoxicity effects were significantly increased. According to these observations, use of GNPs as liposomal nanocomplex for various drug formulations could be considered. Because of significance increase in the cytotoxicity effects of nanoconjugate complex produced in this study, it is recommended to initiate the in vivo studies.

In order to evaluate the effects of chemical, biological and nano fertilizers on the yield and quality traits (oil and protein) of sesame seeds in irrigation withholding conditions an experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications at Shahed University during 2015-2016 growing season. Irrigation withholding levels (full irrigation (control) and irrigation withholding at 75 and 85 BBCH (Codes of phonological stages that are equivalent to 50% of flowering and seed ripening respectively) were assigned as main plot and different nitrogen combinations (Nitroxin, urea, and a mix of 50% Nitroxin plus urea), various combinations of potassium (no use, nano-potassium foliar application (2 per thousand), irrigated use of potassium dioxide (2 L ha−1) and soil application of nano-potassium (2 kg ha−1) were allocated in the subplots. The highest number of per-plant capsules (19.26 numbers) was observed with irrigation up to 50% seed ripening and the use of urea together with potassium nano chelate foliar application. The greatest grain yield and protein content and yield were obtained in irrigation up to 50% seed ripening in the absence of potassium fertilizer and nitroxin usage (1340.5, 276.53 kg ha−1 and 5-20 percent, respectively). The oil yield was utmost in irrigation up to 50% flowering and foliar application of potassium nano chelate together with the mixed system of 50% urea fertilizer plus nitroxin with average values of 47.96% and 550.46 kg ha−1, respectively. The use of nitroxin as a nano-bio-fertilizer and foliar application of chelated nano

In order to eliminate the harm of formaldehyde from panels bonded with UF resin to environment and human health at the source, the low volatile and nontoxic aldehyde of glyoxyal (G) was chosen to react with urea (U) to prepare the wood adhesive of urea-glyoxal (UG) resin a substitute for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The urea-glyoxal (UG) resin was synthesized under weak acid conditions, and its different properties were measured. Also, the effect of nanoclay on physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of UG resin was investigated. For this purpose, the prepared UG resin was mixed with 1, 2 and 3 wt% nanoclay by mechanically stirring for 5 min at room temperature. The physico-chemical properties (such as SPG, viscosity, solid content and gelation time) and dry shear strength of the prepared resin were measured according to standard methods. Also, the effect of nanoclay on curing temperature of UG resin was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) device. The physico-chemical test results indicated that addition of nanoclay increased SPG, viscosity and solid content of UG resin and decreased gelation time in the prepared resin. Dry shear strength test results showed that increasing nanoclay content from 1 to 3 wt% increased shear strength of UG resin; as the panels containing 3% nanoclay exhibited the highest shear strength value and wood failure percentage. Based on DSC test results, hardening rate as well as enthalpy value of the prepared UG resin was decreased by addition of nanoclay.

In the present study, the structure of three common anticancer drugs including 6-thioguanine (6-TG), hydroxyurea (NH) and busulfan were optimized using quantum computational and obtained minimum energy for them. Also, optimization structure of gold nanoparticle was investigated by density functional theory (DFT). Finally, the binding energy of Au nanoparticle was calculated with the optimized structures of drugs. All different sites of drugs that can be interacted with nanoparticle were considered and the most stable structure was chosen for further study. These calculations were performed using FHI-aims which is a software package based on DFT. The bond length and the best interaction energy were reported in this work. To better investigation of the location of the interaction, the type of orbitals involved in the interaction and their shapes are shown. Gap energy analysis showed that the lowest energy was related to the complex of gold nanoparticle with 6-thioguanine, which confirms the chemical stability of this drug with nanoparticle. Investigations showed that the binding energy of gold nanoparticle with drugs is busulfan > hydroxyurea> 6-thioguanine so busulfan has more affinity to bind with gold nanoparticle. Au nanoparticle as an anticancer drug deliver was studied with the molecular docking calculations. The human albumin serum (HSA) binding with three anticancer drugs was docked individually with Hex 8 software and their active sites of interaction were shown as well as.  Finally, the binding energies and types of interactions such as electrostatic, van der Waals and hydrogen bonds between HSA and Au@ drugs were presented, clearly.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of nano-nitrogen chelate fertilizer application on a number of sugarcane characteristics (cultivar CP69-1062) and the feasibility of using digital image analysis method to determine the percentage of sugarcane seedlings green cover. The research was conducted at Mirza Kuchak Khan Aagro-industry Corporation located 65 km southwest of Ahwaz, Iran, in 2017.Statistical design was randomized complete block with five treatments and three replications. On the 15th day after cultivation, treatments were carried out in the field and included spraying different concentrations of urea fertilizer and nano-nitrogen chelate: T0= without fertilizer spraying (control), U1= urea spraying (concentration 0.2%), U2= urea spraying (concentration 0.3%), N1= nano-nitrogen chelate spraying (concentration 0.4%), and N2= nano-nitrogen chelate spraying (concentration 0.6%). Counts of buds and seedling sampling (to determine leaf nitrogen percentage) continued weekly for 12 weeks. In each experimental plot, digital photos were taken weekly and the green vegetation cover in these images was determined by Canopeo software. The results showed that experimental treatments did not have significant effect on seedling height, but had significant effects on germination percentage (p ≤ 0.05), leaf nitrogen, and seedling vegetation (p ≤ 0.01). Comparison of average vegetation percentage of seedlings by Duncan method showed a significant difference between all treatments compared to the control. Comparison of average vegetation percentage of seedlings showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between all treatments compared to the control. There was significant difference between U1 and U2 treatments with N1 and N2 treatments. Also, the highest mean for germination number, leaf nitrogen content, and vegetation percentage was observed in N2 treatment. Significant correlation (R2 = 90.67%) was observed between weekly germination of sugarcane with green vegetation of seedlings, which can be used for grading sugarcane cultivation.

Considerable interest in the analysis of urea in clinical, environmental and industrial samples has generated diverse research activities in the fabrication of urea biosensors over the past decades. These activities have been directed towards the use of wide ranging materials, including conducting polymers, non-conducting polymers, redox dyes, redox polymers, oxides, clays, zeolite, sol gel, carbon pastes, epoxy activated support and nanomaterials, for the immobilisation of urease and its use for the detection of urea. Many of these activities have also employed various modes of transduction, including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, manometric, thermal and piezoelectric detection, for reliable biosensing of urea. This article reviews the various research efforts that have been carried out over the past decades on the construction and utilisation of urea biosensors for urea analysis in various samples.