The theory of the overturned pyramid, introducing three levels for translation (lexicon, sentence, speech) analyses features and problems relating to every level. By using this theory, we offer to examine the first two levels (lexical and syntactic) in the process of the translation of French in Persian and vice versa. The accent put on certain grammatical features of the syntax as mode, the aspect, the time and complex sentence, and direct and indirect speech, allows to the translator to conceive a kind of syntax compared between both languages to analyze difference and likeness.

This study had two main steps. The first one was introducing and examining the Long’s Model of Needs Analysis (NA) for distinguishing the general language needs. By doing the first step، we tried to recognize the shortages of Long’s Model، in the second step to realize the general language needs of Persian language learners and find out what language functions are needed to be learned for general purposes. So through the questionnaire and collecting the perceptions of Persian language learneers and teachers، we achieved two outcomes: (1) collecting language needs including language functions for Persian language learners and (2) analyzing and sequencing the needs. To attain the above outcomes، Long’s NA Model (2005) was examined and its shortages were recognized. In order to collect and sequence language needs، a list of pedagogical language functions which are needed to be learned by Persian language learners to reach the proficiency in general level، was prepared. This list was provided via teachers and different Persian sources. The instrument used for collecting the data for the study was attitude scale and student-need-assessment questionnaires were administered to 100 advanced Persian language learners and 20 Persian language teachers. Based on the students’ attitude scale and through the Factor Analysis (FA) method، all data were graded and placed in a five-leveled framework.

Contemporary environmental poetry is a subjective kind of poetry with an organic totality in which tradition and modernism are challenged clearly. Environmental poetry is on the peak of the pyramid of local literature and is regarded as the background for classical poetry. Highlighting environmental ideas and creating such a room in the linguistic environment creates a specific piece of poetry with a particular application. Asadollah Emadi, Ali Akbar Mahjorian and Jalil Gheisari are among the pioneering poets in environment poetry in Mazandaran whose environment poetry elements enriched their poems formally. Asadollah Emadi, Ali Akbar Mahjorian and Jalil Gheisari are among the pioneering poets in environment poetry in Mazandaran whose environment poetry elements enriched their poems formally. In addition to composing poems, these poets have produced novels and research works in issues related to culture. In this study, geographical, socio-cultural and economical features are investigated in the poetic works of the three environment-oriented poets in Mazandaran. Results show that environment-orientation, imagery, patriotism, disobedience and objection, attention to local and tribal culture (customs, traditions, beliefs) and local language are among the features which occur in high frequency. Research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical using library and the Internet resources.

Incremental forming is considered as one of the rapid prototyping methods and has a high degree of flexibility and cost-effectiveness at low production volume. Meanwhile, the lack of technical knowledge has challenged the use of this method in the industry. One of the things that can help the actual usage of this process is the suitable process window; a window used to determine maximum tearing depth of the sheet with respect to the material, thickness and wall angle. In this study, firstly, the formability of low-carbon steel sheet, St12, with the thicknesses of 1.25 and 1.50 mm in single point incremental forming of a truncated pyramid with different constant wall angles has been investigated experimentally. Then, it is compared with the formability of the truncated pyramid with variable wall angles under two different wall geometries. Based on the experimental results, the process windows are presented in terms of the maximum depth and wall angle and compared to each other under different circumstances. The results showed that the critical wall angle for St12 sheet in incremental forming of a truncated pyramid with a fixed wall angle differs from the pyramid with variable wall angle, but doesn't depend on the size of the pyramid base. The critical wall angle for the fixed and variable wall angle pyramids was obtained 67⁰ and 75⁰, respectively. For a pyramid with a fixed wall angle, the thickness distribution of the wall is almost constant, while for a pyramid with a variable wall, it varies along the path.

What is important in the current situation it is important to pay attention to patterns of the water consumption behavior of subscribers and to identify subscribers and consumers with a higher position in the value pyramid in the field of water consumption management policy. Value pyramid is a tool that identifies valuable customers in terms of consumption, and so, has great application and importance in the field of water consumption management to identify high-consumption and low-consumption customers. Therefore, in the present study, in order to identify the patterns of consumption behavior of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company subscribers based on their consumption value pyramid and to predict the subscribers with a higher position in the value pyramid, data mining techniques have been used. In the framework of the proposed method, first, the data of water subscribers' consumption including residential, commercial and industrial subscribers, public and administrative, religious and educational sites, military and non-governmental, for two consecutive years, were extracted from the database of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. After determining the optimal number of clusters using self-organizing map and Davis Bouldin index, clustering operation is performed using K-Means algorithm. It should be noted that the indicators and criteria for subscriber clustering include the type of use, location, consumption, history of unauthorized branching, number of disconnection notices and time of payment of bills which have been identified using the opinion of experts. Then, while calculating the consumption value of subscribers in each cluster and plotting the subscriber consumption value pyramid, the decision tree algorithm is used to predict and discover the behavioral patterns of subscribers. The results show that Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company subscribers are divided into six clusters in terms of consumption behavior patterns. While drawing the consumption value pyramid, these six clusters are classified into three classes: high consumption subscribers, medium consumption subscribers and low consumption subscribers. After implementing the decision tree, the accuracy of the tree was 78.92 that, according to the results of the decision tree, the subscribers of these three classes have 11 patterns of behavior that predict the type of consumption. Thus, according to the 11 behavioral patterns of the subscribers of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company, the consumption of new subscribers can be predicted and its position in the value pyramid can be determined.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the hierarchy of women's needs in ancient Iranian stories based on Abraham Maslow's pyramid. The research universe included all ancient Iranian stories. The sample of the research embraced the stories of Kalileh and Demeneh, Marzbannameh, Bakhtiyarnameh, Sindbadnameh and Samak Ayar, based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs in women. The research method was descriptive and analytical. Library method was used to collect data and old Iranian stories and themes related to women's needs based on Abraham Maslow's pyramid were reviewed. Then the collected data was compared and psychologically analyzed, then finally a specific pattern of women's needs was drawn. The results showed that: the existence of different characters, including women's characters and different behaviors, provided the basis for the psychological analysis of the texts. Regarding to this, the psychological needs of women in ancient stories, including the stories of Kalila and Demaneh, Marzbannameh, Bakhtiyarnameh, Sindbadnameh and Samak Ayar, according to their motivation and the level of their inner satisfaction with life was categorized based on the Maslow's pyramid of basic needs (biological needs, need for safety, need for love and affiliation, need for self-esteem and need for self-actualization). Biological needs, which are at the base of Maslow's pyramid were reflected in some of the stories of Kalila and Demeneh, Marzbannameh and Sinbadnameh. Women's need for love, affiliation to others and safety" had been considered in the next levels of the pyramid. Also, in the stories of Kalila and Demeneh, Marzban Nameh and Samak Ayar, there were rflections of self-actualization. In other words, the needs of women in old stories can be categorized based on Abraham Maslow's pyramid of needs. According to Maslow, meeting the needs of each category provides the basis for the emergence of the needs of higher categories. Based on this, in order to flourish and be creative in women, the biological and safety needs must be met first.

Stories represent the specific circumstances of human life; therefore, fictional characters can be analyzed based on psychological theories. Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs is one of the most famous anthropological theories. In this theory, human needs are divided into five categories: physiological needs, security needs, emotional needs, the need for respect, and the need for self-fulfillment. According to Maslow's theory, the needs of the pyramid base must first be met in order for the needs of the top of the pyramid to emerge; That is, man must first meet physiological needs to reach the needs of safety, respect, and love, the stage of self-actualization. Achieving each stage is conditional on meeting the needs of the previous stage. In this article, using the analytical-descriptive method, we seek to examine the main character of the novel Al-Khabz Al-Hafi by Mohammad Shokri based on the Maslow needs pyramid. In this story, first, overcoming physiological needs such as food, clothing and housing, and the need for security is also part of the needs of the main character of the story. The basic needs of this character are not met in the story to the extent that there is no trace of the need for respect or self-fulfillment that lies in the later stages of the pyramid.