Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the changing organization and culture of the Dutch police over the last decade.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on personal observation, desk research and a survey among the police and administrative elite in The Netherlands, the paper describes, analyzes and reflects upon developments which are out of tune with the Dutch tradition.Findings – From the 1960s onwards, The Netherlands was famous for her pragmatic, decentralized and friendly style of community policing. The slogan “the police are your best friend” summarizes the “essence” or the “soul” of Dutch policing. Increasingly, however, the typically tolerant, friendly and social policing style has come under pressure. The system of relatively independent regional police departments has been fiercely criticized because of the lack of effectiveness and efficiency in solving crime, safety and security challenges. National government now wants a much bigger say in setting its police programs and priorities. Moreover, as elite government officials stipulate, the police must be more “tough” on crime and terrorism. This attitude has led to centralization, penalization and, at the local level, responsibilization, which signifies that a variety of private, (often profit-seeking) policing agencies and companies are made responsible for public order maintenance. Such changes are leadingtoward a “state-centered” police model at some distance from citizens, a development that is seen as contrary to the social soul of Dutch policing.Originality/value – The paper offers an analysis into the changing “soul” of Dutch policings.

The entrepreneurship issue is one of the important topics that has attracted a lot of attention and different countries adopted various policies and actions for developing of entrepreneurship. In Iran, as in other countries, this issue has been addressed. However, for attending more success, it is important to consider the experiences of advanced countries. Netherlands has one of the most advanced economies in the world. Accordingly, this article aims to study entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial University in Netherlands, with emphasis on three dimensions including trends, policies, and actions. The study was written in descriptive and analytical format and the data were collected by using the available information on official sites and related documents and evidences. In this paper, besides describing the general attitude of Netherlands country; the statistical data related to entrepreneurship perception, entrepreneurship attitudes, entrepreneurship intention, and the whole entrepreneurship activity of the first stage were studied. In addition, the activities of one of the leading entrepreneurial universities in the Netherlands was studied. The findings show that the Dutch government appreciates the entrepreneurship a lot and Dutch policies focus on entrepreneurship in several areas: financing, technology and innovation, internationalization, education, and simplification of regulations. Entrepreneurship has been highlighted in university mission and vision. In addition, the University has taken special actions regarding entrepreneurship education and interactions with industry

The aim of this research is to analyze the colonial trade strategy of the Netherlands with Iran during the Safavid period in the Persian Gulf. This paper attempts to evaluate and study the strategy and manner of trade of Dutch merchants, particularly the Dutch East India Company, with the traders of the Persian Gulf region and the Safavid government. It seeks to answer the question: What was the strategy of the Dutch in trading with the Safavid government and the traders of the Persian Gulf region, and what consequences did this strategy have for the Dutch East India Company and the Safavid government? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the information gathering method is library research. If we consider Spain and Portugal as pioneers of classical colonialism in the 16th and 17th centuries, undoubtedly the Netherlands, with the establishment of the Dutch East India Company, was a forerunner in commercial colonization of the Eastern lands. The Dutch East India Company, utilizing its naval fleet and traversing the seas, sought highly profitable goods, particularly Indian spices and Iranian silk, along with other commodities of the East. In this context, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, which had strategic connections with the Indian Ocean, held geostrategic importance for Dutch merchants; therefore, Dutch traders and sailors focused their trade predominantly on these areas. By adopting a strategy of trade monopoly and eliminating competitors, they employed a diverse set of tactics for trading with the merchants and the Safavid government, as well as the local governments of these regions. In line with this, the Dutch East India Company, with a flexible and thoroughly profit-driven approach towards the Iranian government and Iranian traders, utilized a range of tactics such as unfair contracts, collusion, barter trade, transport of goods and passengers, and smuggling of coins and goods. With this strategy, it was able to secure a larger share of Persian Gulf trade compared to other colonial competitors like England.

Considering the climatic similarity of Iran's three northern provinces compared to the Netherlands, why does Iran have a low level of development in the agricultural sector? Can the Netherlands development model be used for the development of Iran's agricultural sector? The purpose of this research is to determine the level of development of the agricultural sector in the three northern provinces of Iran (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan) compare to the Netherlands. To achieve this goal, the MARCOS approach was used. The most important reason for using this method is more confidence and accuracy in solving multi-criteria decision problems. A method based on hierarchy and knowledge of conditions and limitations to solve business problems in the real world. The required statistics and information are obtained from agricultural statistics and databases such as the World Bank, the World Food and Agriculture Organization. The final results show the low level of development of Iran's three northern provinces compared to the Netherlands.this backwardness can be seen in: agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, mechanization, education and infrastructure sector. One of the most important reasons for the Netherlands success of is to use of advanced technologies and advanced greenhouses, including hydroponic agriculture, geothermal energy, artificial lighting technology, and hydroponics and aeronautics solutions. Therefore, Supporting the introduction of new technologies in the country can speed up the development of agricultural sector in Iran.

The standard model of police culture assumes that internal and external stress shapes police culture and that this culture promotes certain styles of policing. This model has been tested using a survey of police officers in the Netherlands. The street-level culture of the Dutch police has some elements in common with what we know from Anglo-Saxon studies، but there are also important differences. Dutch rank-and-file police are less conservative، the machismo element is less dominant and the fundamental mistrust of strangers is not as widespread. The findings of this study generally correspond with the causal relations of the model. Remarkably، no relationship was found between the professional police style and cultural elements in the police.

The aim of this research was to study psychometric elementary characteristics of Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure in women and men residents of Tehran city. Statistical population of research was included all women and men living in Tehran that 800 women and men were selected through multi-phases clustering sampling. Partiants responded to Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999). For studying the scale`s reliability we used Cronbach`s alpha coefficient and test-retest method, and for studying valilidity, content validity and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Pearson and Cronbach`s alpha coefficients showed that this scale has high reliability in both abilities and opinions factors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the model has good fitness in determining factors in the primary form expressed by Gibbons and Buunk (1999). Also, results of normalization showed that median of abilities and opinions in the Iranian sample were 20 and 17 respectively. According to research results, Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure is a reliable and valid tool for measuring social comparison among Tehranian women and men.

In this experiment, the effect of PMSG on the output of estrus synchronization following using norgestomet implant was investigated in river buffaloes. Twenty two cyclic female river buffalos at unknown stages of estrus cycle were selected and received norgestomet implant (Crestar, 3mg norgestomet, Intervet, Holland), with an injection of GnRH at first day of experiment. On day 7 after norgestomet insertion, females were randomly assigned into two groups considering their age and weight and both groups of control and experiment received PG F2α (15mg prostiol, prozolin, intervet, Holland). The animals in treatment group received PMSG (Folligon, 1000IU, IM, intervet, Holland) in addition to PG F2α. The implant was removed on day 9 after insertion in all females. Estrous detection was conducted using teaser bull, from 12 hours after norgestomet removal for 7 days every 4 hours for at least 30minutes. From the beginning of sfrous until ovulation, ultrasonography was conducted at the time of estrus, 24, 32 and 40 hours after standing estrus. PMSG had no effect on the frequency of estrous response (Treatment: 100%; control: 81.8%), tightness of estrus synchrony within 12 hours (Treatment: 77/8%; Control: 72/8%) and the frequency of ovulation (Treatment: 100%; control: 88.9%; P>0.05). The interval between the end of treatment and the start of estrus in control group (52.5±4.11 hours) was longer than PMSG group (41.8±8.57 hours; P<0.05). In conclusion, PMSG injection, 2 days prior to the termination of 9 days estrus synchronizationprogram could hasten the time of estrous expression in river buffalo. This has to be considered in fixed timed artificial insemination in this species.

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of different commercial nutrient solutions on growth and yield of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cut flowers in open soilless culture system. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized factorial design with three nutrient solutions (S1: Schreurs, S2: Florist and S3: Research Station for Floriculture and Greenhouse Vegetables, RSFGV) and two gerbera cultivars (Red “Stanza” and Yellow “Double Dutch”). Results showed that minimum days to the first flower bud appearance (38.2 days) and days to the first flower harvest (58.5 days) were obtained from Red cultivar supplied with the S3 nutrient solution. The highest number of leaves (12.3 leaves/plant), stalk length (52.2 cm), stalk fresh weight (38.4 g) and number of flowers (291 stalks/m2.yr) were obtained from Red cultivar supplied with the S3 solution, while maximum vase life (11.4 days) was obtained from Yellow cultivar supplied with the Schreurs nutrient solution. Based on the results, RSFGV nutrient solution (S3) can be recommended as a basic nutrient solution for commercial gerbera cut flower production in hydroponic.

As trade in the Indian Ocean became a branch of global maritime trade, Safavid Iran entered this arena due to its proximity to the Persian Gulf. The English and Dutch East India Companies were born in the first half of the 17th century to take over the exclusive trade of the East and went to the eastern lands, including Iran. Shah Abbas I entered them into Iran’s economic and commercial circuit by signing a contract and granting privileges to use the commercial competition between them for the prosperity and prosperity of the country’s economy. The competition of these two companies to take over Iran’s exclusive trade continued after Shah Abbas. The present article seeks to clarify the effective factors in the competition between British and Dutch East India companies in the Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II periods by using a descriptive-analytical method and using to Iranian and non-Iranian sources. The findings of this research show that the annulment of the silk export monopoly by Shah Safi, commercial contracts of the Iranian government with companies, cash (liquidity), British and Dutch wars in Europe and the Persian Gulf, The export and import of these companies were effective factors in the commercial competition of companies during the period of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Also, the Dutch East India Company was commercially superior to the English Company due to having more liquidity, higher diplomatic power in negotiations with the Safavid court, and better-equipped equipped commercial-military ships.

The purpose of this research is to study the comparative study of entrepreneurship education in the countries of Iran, Japan, Holland, England and America, which is done using the descriptive-comparative method and relying on the indicators adopted by the researcher, so that we can learn from the experience of this countries in the field of entrepreneurship education in Iran's educational system. The results of the research showed that Iran does not have a coherent and coordinated program in the field of entrepreneurship education, and this can be analyzed to a large extent in the culture and topics of dependence on the government. The country of Japan has not had the necessary entrepreneurship education and Lee 2014, the EDGE and then EDGE-NEXT (2017) policy initiatives were implemented to address deficiencies in entrepreneurship education. In the Netherlands, entrepreneurship is the basis on which the Dutch economy is built. Entrepreneurship, the cause of creating employment, productivity and innovation; And also, it causes the prosperity of the country. Therefore, the Dutch government values entrepreneurship. The turning points of the Dutch entrepreneurship policy have happened in ten years (2005-2015) and the government has paid attention to both education and entrepreneurship market issues through various programs. Vocational education in the UK focuses mainly on the learning phase and covers a wide range of rich content. This educational course during the academic period forms the educational program system of entrepreneurial awareness, entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial career. Entrepreneurial educational activities in England are based on science and technology parks. The United States is the first country that started entrepreneurship education and has gradually experienced this expansion and maturity in this field and has succeeded in forming an ecosystem of entrepreneurship education. National Entrepreneurship Education Consortium is the main institution in entrepreneurship education with a history of 28 years in this field, which provides entrepreneurship education at the levels (K-16 elementary to middle school) and adults. These findings in relation to Iran and compared to the model of entrepreneurship education in other countries, indicate that the reasons for the lack of growth of entrepreneurship in Iran are divided into three categories: national, organizational and individual factors. Meanwhile, despite the existence of inadequacies in the national and organizational structure, individual factors and lack of socialization from the aspect of entrepreneurship in the educational system, especially higher education, have been the main reasons for the lack of entrepreneurship growth.