Interoperability is needed when the Hospital Information System (HIS) data should be combined and shared with different systems. This study was aimed to determine the semantic and technical interoperability of hospital information systems of Iran’s health care centers and propose guidelines to create and develop interoperability of these centers. This descriptive study was conducted on companies, which were qualified to receive performance appraisal certificate of HIS softwares from statistics and information technology office of health ministry. Standard questionnaire and checklist were used to collect information in the first and second steps. List of companies, which provided and produced HIS in Iran, was obtained, and then a self-administered questionnaire was sent for them. Then, a health care center was selected from each company randomly, and its current HIS interoperability was evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Based on the results, all companies were used Microsoft windows and SQL server database in their HIS with consideration to technical interoperability. Also, the most frequent corporate programming language was Visual C Sharp (46.7%) and Visual Basic (40%), respectively. From semantic interoperability aspect, the most frequent terminology systems were ICD-10 (86.7%), ICD-9CM (66.7%), and CPT (66.7%), respectively. For standard messaging, 60%, 46.7% and 33.3% used XML, DICOM, and HL7 in order. Health system interoperability is divided into two semantic and technical parts. At the present, there is not any standard for electronic health record (EHR) to provide full interoperability. HIS templates should be provided in order to make a national standard for EHR. Therefore, it is necessary to have standard template for semantic and technical interoperability in EHR national exchanges.

The process of teaching and research in universities is dynamic, complex and requires extensive change and transformation. As a result of advances in information and communication technology, the world of academia also entered the age of the information society. Its manifestation is the use of academic management information systems, test and evaluation information systems, online education systems, student information systems, faculty member information systems, etc. in universities. The main idea behind the use of all these systems is to collect relevant data, represent it and illustrate it based on the needs of different academic users. The management information system with the aim of providing the required information, helps managers in issues such as planning, control and decision making and provides the necessary support to make strategic and optimal decisions for managers of the educational system. Provides. This paper has studied interoperability factors of information system among Iranian universities. The lack of interoperability among Iranian universities has verified the importance of this article.

This paper is an exploratory qualitative study which base on its objectives classifies under applied researches. Several key factors of interoperability have been extracted precisely, and results have been analyzed by experts along using Delphi technique (Zeinali et al. 2017 & Namli et al, 2009). The population of this study has concluded all information system experts and managers at different branches of Islamic Azad University (IAU) which had qualified to interview with their corresponding experiences. The sample population has been made of both faculty members and manger level participants that participate in Delphi rounds

Increasing the volume of data has been one of the major concerns of organizations. They are trying to facilitate its by using information management mechanism. Lack of a comprehensive and systematic approach over time leads to the implementation of a variety of information systems in an organization with different data structures and programming that complicate their usage. Over the years, the issue of information systems interoperability under these conditions has been considered.Results have proven that the key factors of technical interoperability in information system of IAU are:·  Ability to interact with information systems and Data exchangeability·Link-ability to decision support system (DSS)·Standard format of saved Data· Centralized security· Centralized Data monitoring· Integrated processing and Synchronization· Easy communication with other systems·Ability to use virtually, online and distance education And so on.Similarly, this study had claimed the below listed items as the critical organizational interoperability factors of information system in Iranian university case study:Its mechanism regarding information delivery and updating ·Flexibility and ability to Change and update·  Dynamic and flexible setting·Changeable task manager· Efficiency measurement and feedback Expandable architecture Ability to develop regarding new demands·Service-oriented architectureAnd finally, the most significant semantic interoperability factors of information system in Iranian university case study had highlighted as below:·Ability to code the learning symbols and identifiers  Ability to communicating with independent clients not considering languages.  Using standard coding and identifiers·XML interpreter service· Map service· Preparing a standard format of texting between clients· Content Based Routing· Being user friendly considering user’s knowledge and vocabulary   

At the end, this paper significantly had determined that the architecture of university information system should guaranty the integration of information process while eases the flowing data between the departments or clients smoothly. In the other word, establishing an interoperable information system which covers all technical, Organizational and Semantic aspects and share demanded information with clients on time is the most crucial characteristic of modern organizations. Furthermore, lack of these aspects (technical, Organizational and Semantic) obstructs systems achieving efficiency, development and interoperability, and it may affect their decisions at current competitive market. On the other hand, improving these factors significantly simplifies the communication between clients and increases the effectiveness, efficiency, and customer satisfaction as well.

The aim of the current research was to identify the factors of interoperability of academic information systems in Islamic Azad University. This research is characterized by its applied and exploratory nature, aiming to achieve specific goals within the given context. To effectively accomplish these objectives, a mixed method and approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies, has been employed.

Literature Review:

The information system and information technologies have become an integral part of processes, systems and organizational culture, and information technology as an asset and resource for creating a competitive advantage is a requirement (NooshinFard et al, 1400). In fact, information systems and information and communication technology are the same processes that are embedded in business procedures in order to absorb and use knowledge with the aim of improving organizational performance (Lufman and Lewis, 2016). Factors such as the variety of common information systems in Iranian universities, the use and gradual evolution of these systems, the special characteristics of the academic operating environment, the need to exchange data between different systems and the integration of information require their investigation and study from Various dimensions, including interactivity, which was the focus of the present study (Omidian, 1401). In the age of knowledge explosion, the development of information technology is an essential requirement for the efficiency of the educational system, and the requirement for the effectiveness of new technologies is the transformation in the teaching-learning culture (Manzhuk and Eram, 2015). For educational institutions as well as other modern institutions, the use of information technology does not only mean supporting management; Rather, it is an empowering element that helps to promote and improve the decision-making process at different levels of university management (Indrajit and Jokopranuto, 2006).

The utilization of qualitative methods, specifically the Delphi method, allows for the extraction of essential components and indicators related to the research subject. This qualitative approach facilitates a deep and comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors at play. On the other hand, quantitative methods have been employed to validate the measurement models and examine the conceptual model. Through quantitative analysis, the researcher can assess the reliability and validity of the measurements used in the study. By conducting statistical tests and measurements, the researcher gains valuable insights into the relationships and associations between the variables outlined in the conceptual model. By employing a mixed method and approach, this research can harness the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. This comprehensive approach provides a more robust and well-rounded understanding of the research subject, enabling the researcher to draw meaningful conclusions and make informed recommendations. The integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques enhances the validity and reliability of the research findings, ensuring a more comprehensive and impactful study. First, by using the meta-combination method, study resources including books, articles, and internet resources were studied in a structured manner in a seven-step process, and in this way, interoperability indicators were identified. Then, the indicators and components obtained from meta-combination analysis in the form of a structured questionnaire including indicators and components of interoperability. The questionnaire was submitted to the experts by using the Delphi method (qualitative approach) in order to explore their opinions in the stage. Then, based on the data collected from the qualitative stage and asking the opinions of the experts in three rounds, a questionnaire was finally compiled and in order to measure and evaluate using the analytical survey method (quantitative approach) and the use of modeling structural equations, which is actually a quantitative method and was examined in terms of the correspondence of the theoretical model with the real data (experimental data) obtained by sampling from the community. The research method in the quantitative part is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the research in the meta-combined section includes printed and online sources and documents (such as the content of websites, databases such as Civilica, articles and scientific reports of specialized seminars and conferences, etc.) consisting of 100 sources in the form of books, articles, and scientific reports. In order to collect qualitative and quantitative data, a researcher-made questionnaire (50 items) was used, the items of which were taken from the results of the meta-composite analysis in the first stage and based on the Likert scale from 1 very little to 5 very much. In order to validate the meta-synthesis stage, the researcher returns to the previous steps to ensure that the quality is maintained in his study. In order to control the quality and review the articles to match the parameters of the study and to remove the articles that were not trusted in any way in terms of accuracy, validity and importance of its findings, all the articles and scientific reports were categorized, in several stages of study and review, a large number of sources were removed. And 24 sources were selected and exploited in the form of 12 internal sources (for the years 2005 to 1400) and 12 external sources (for the years 2002 to 2022). In the quantitative section, content validity was used from the beginning to measure the validity of the questionnaire, which had good validity, and Krobach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, which was 91%, which is an acceptable coefficient for reliability. After studying and checking the details and features of the documents such as abstract, content and based on the goal setting, 24 sources (12 foreign sources and 12 Persian sources) were selected and through them the dimensions, components and interoperability idicators in the study process, were used. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research are key informants and experts in the field of information systems and senior managers of information technology in Iranian universities. At this stage, 25 experts were selected in the field of the research topic. The statistical population in the quantitative section is made up of managers and employees of the information technology and information systems department at Islamic Azad University. The sample size was selected by simple random sampling with Cochran's formula of 151 people. In order to collect qualitative data, a library method was used, and for quantitative data, a researcher-made questionnaire (50 items) was used, the items of which were taken from the results of meta-composite analysis in the first stage. In order to analyze the data in the meta-composite part, the method of Sandelowski and Barosuke and in the quantitative part the methods of exploratory factor analysis, descriptive analysis, univariate t-test using SPSS and Lisrel software were used.

The results showed that the indicators of technical interoperability of information systems are the ability to interact and exchange data with information systems, the possibility of connecting and using decision support systems, storing information in a standard format, central security, central monitoring, integrated processing, easy communication with other systems, ability to be used through distance education. Overall, the results of this research have shown that the architecture and structure of university information systems should be such that it provides the integrity and comprehensiveness of processes and information at the level of organizations and provides a smooth flow of information between different departments of the organization. The use of interoperable information systems that can cover all technical, process and semantic interoperability indicators and activities and tasks in an organization and provide necessary information to its users in a timely manner is one of the vital tools in today's organizations. Without the systems having these characteristics (technical, semantic and process) it is impossible to increase the capabilities of the organization, improve performance, make better decisions and achieve interactive, integrated and competitive advantage.Process interoperability indicators, notification mechanism about presentation and update, change and flexibility mechanism for service update, dynamic and flexible organization, change-oriented performance management, effectiveness measurement and feedback, expandable architecture, They are expandable according to new requirements, service-oriented architecture. Also, the results of the research showed that indicators of semantic interoperability, the ability to code educational signs, the ability to interact with various systems, the use of standard terms and codes, XML translation service, mapping service, providing a common message format for communication. Among the different systems, the content-based router, the use of terms and standard codes, paying attention to the understanding of users and systems in the use of vocabulary.

Paying attention to the optimal use of information systems can make the university succeed in achieving organizational goals and achieving high effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, the management should always consider the characteristics of these valuable and transformative resources, and with sufficient knowledge and the participation of specialized employees in the field of supply, use and placement of these items, it will improve the performance of the strategies. In order to reach more favorable levels in this field, the university should encourage innovation and creativity, and provide opportunities for job rotation for employees to develop their professional knowledge.

The arrival of diverse and disparate hospital information systems by different-brands, on various platforms in the field of electronic health, has led to problems of interoperability. Interoperability is defined as the ability for two (or more) systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. This paper aims to provide the hospital information system interoperability model. Provided that it cover all aspects of the interoperability.
This study is an applied- descriptive. The study includes three phase, at first required indicators to achieve all aspects of interoperability in hospital information system will be identified. In the following, provide the hospital information system interoperability model. Finally, this model with using a scenario based on a software architecture analysis method will be evaluated.
In this study, in order to achieve complete interoperability in Hospital Information System has been used a HSB approach. The presented model has necessary indicators for achieving all levels of interoperability (Technical, syntactic, semantic and organizational). EHealth experts confirmed this model using with architecture trade-off analysis method (ATAM).
Achieving interoperability in healthcare information systems due to the complexity, diversity and standards is very difficult. And this challenges include technical, syntactic, semantic organizational. Increasing degree of interoperability and compatibility between hospital information systems cause to facilitate cooperation system together and increase efficiency, clinical performance and management of this systems.

This article examines the foundations of children's rights regarding access to digital media and their right to protection from digital media harms. By utilizing the concept of "distributed responsibility" in networked actions and adopting a socio-technical systems approach, the article demonstrates that "responsibility for protecting children's rights from digital media harms" lies with all network actors within a digital media platform. The evaluation of fulfilling this responsibility is also contingent upon the consequences of actions and the conditions of the recipient of the action (the child). Finally, the article discusses the outcome of this approach in explaining how mechanisms for controlling inappropriate television programs for children by parents, through the use of age classification systems and television microchips, highlight the importance of intertwined human-social, cultural aspects within its technical dimensions.

The main goal of this article was identifying cost elements in syntactic integrating digital library systems in Iran. The levels of integration are content, technical, and organizational. It is obvious we could access some sub goals such as identifying current situation of information systems from the view points of data storage, needed standard outputs, and the current situation of interoperability in Iran, and suitable integration model in Iranian digital libraries. The analytical survey method was used in this research. Research population included 11 digital library systems that were used in Iranian digital libraries. In order to gather information, a researcher made questionnaire was used because of not existing standard collecting data tool. Findings demonstrated that we should search on three levels of interoperability: content, technical, and organizational level in order to identifying cost-adoption elements in syntactic interoperability. Also, findings showed that the elements of organizational level were too important level in cost-adoption elements. Also this research demonstrated that the high cost of adoption was related to libraries and their organizations.

Legitimacy is the importance that people attach to the law. According to research, its non-acceptance is a social issue in Iran, and considering the cultural diversity in the country, one of the causes of legality can be related to cultural structuring. The research method is descriptive in terms of its purpose, and it is a cross-sectional survey, and to achieve the research objectives, a mixed research method has been used. In the qualitative research method, using the Delphi method, 17 people have been selected as a statistical sample to review sources, documents and interviews. And in the quantitative method, the hypotheses have been examined by developing a questionnaire and the quantitative method of structural equations. The statistical population is all faculty members of Payam Noor University with a sample size of 351 people based on Morgan's table and cluster sampling by covering all ethnicities, the data has been analyzed with Spss and Amos software. The findings of the research show that the level of compliance with legality is the result of the interaction of belief in legality between activists, ethnic groups and the system under the influence of Iranian and local culture. And the non-compliance is the result of the influence of the social system and the strengthening of the law-abiding personality system. The structuring of Islamic culture, the findings show that Islamic action has had an impact on the belief in legality and respect for it, which is related to the theories of Parsons and Piaget. Western action influenced by norms has caused action that is related to the theories of Anderson and Merton. In Iranian structuring, action influenced by resources and belief in legality has an effect on the influence of the system, which is related to the theories of Hirschi and Parsons. and based on local structuring, action influenced by norms and sources and belief in legitimacy is influenced by sources and action is influenced by belief in legitimacy. The effects of the system also cause the creation of law-abiding characters that are related to Briton and Cohen's theories. Be and separate language, in Persian language cultural structure: Iranian and local, in Turkish: local, in Lori and Kurdish: Iranian, Balochi: Islamic, Arabic and Turkmen is also based on the local, Islamic and Western structure of legalization action.

Maqama refers to a type of technical and riming prose such as narrative, humorous writing and literary notes. Many studies have been conducted into the technical prose and writing style of maqama, however, the Arab and Persian critics and researchers have not paid any attention to the speech acts of this genre. “Fel-sakbaj” is written by Ghazy Hamid-o-din Balkhi. Noticeable similarities between “Fel-sakbaj” and “Almozyrye” have led some people to introduce “Fel-sakbaj” as a translation of “Almozyrye”. The purpose of this paper is to reject this theory. To this end, “Fel-sakbaj” and “Almozyrye”, were analyzed based on speech acts theory. the results of the study indicated that “Fel-sakbaj” is not pure imitation of “Almozyrye” and also it is broader than “Almozyrye” and speech acts of “Fel-sakbaj” is more variable than “Almozyrye”. Because of these features, Ghazy Hamid-o-din Balkhi has been able to give more dynamic narrative to Persian-speaking audiences.

The modern hermeneutics era began with Schleiermacher's attempts to expand the scope of hermeneutics. He declared misunderstanding natural. While admitting its being customary and inevitable, he concluded that understanding is always an act of interpretation. In his view, every act of understanding involves two modes of interpretation, i.e. grammatical interpretation and technical (also called psychological) interpretation. The former addresses the linguistic functions and features of text while the latter views the text as the realization of author's individuality, and studies it according to his/her dealing with the language. In Schleiermacher's belief, in each mode of interpretation, understanding and interpretation take place in a circular process known as hermeneutic circle. The grammatical interpretation focuses on physical aspects of text, i.e. the whole text and its individual parts. On the contrary, technical interpretation addresses the author's individuality. Understanding of author's individuality is made possible only when the interpreter makes guesses and comparisons with himself in order to find a way to the author's mental world.

Equipping students with a variety of competencies and skills to succeed in the job market and improve their employability is one of the criteria for assessing the quality of universities, especially third generation and entrepreneurial universities. Given the importance of employability, this study aims to analyze the level of employability of technical and vocational graduates (TVG) in a mixed method including quantitative survey and qualitative content. The statistical population of the study includes 107 cultural-student deputies of technical and vocational colleges. For data gathering, a constructed researcher-made questionnaire from the De Vos & Soenz (2008) questionnaire was used, Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze quantitative data. Based on the research, the employability of TVG has been evaluated from the perspective of the deputies at the desired level. In the second part, the solutions for improving the employability level of TVG are investigated. Based on the analysis of the deputy perspectives, 5 main categories, 13 sub-categories and 108 key concepts have been extracted and categorized to improve the employability level of TVG. Using the proposed solutions such as reviewing curricula and adapting them to the needs of the market, providing higher education and establishing and developing disciplines and colleges based on it, equipping infrastructures and reorganizing workshops and laboratories, promoting entrepreneurship culture and highlighting the role of the disciplines, continuous relation with industry, holding effective internship courses and support of TV graduates to start a business, can greatly improve the employability level of the graduates.