Aim: This study aimed to review indications, benefits, limitations and procedure of continuous ST segment monitoring in critical care unites.
Although the 12-lead electrocardiography is a standard and reliable tool to detecti ischemia in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients, but it provides only a static snapshot. The American Heart Association (AHA) and American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACCN) practice standards for ECG monitoring recommend continuous ischemia monitoring for all patients at risk of myocardial ischemia.
This was a review study. International databases such as Proquest, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and one national database (SID) were searched out using the keywords; ST-segment Monitoring, Cardiac Monitoring and Acute Coronary Syndrome to find out materials published between years 2000 and 2015. About 189 citations were evaluated, out of which 15 citations were recruited in the final review.
Findings: Although continuous monitoring of ST segment has been introduced many years, but this technology is not widely used.Continuous monitoring of ST segment provides a frequent and dynamic assessment of changes associated with ischemia.Continuous ST segment monitoring as an effective method can be used to provide continuous and dynamic snapshot of ischemia, to evaluate response to reperfusion and anticoagulant therapy and also, can be used for prognostic or research purposes.
Despite some limitations, the use of continuous ST segment monitoring is recommended for patients with ACS, besides routine assessment.

Measuring end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCo2) is one of the methods used for estimating arterial carbon dioxide (PaCo2) during general anesthesia. ETCo2 measurements maybe obviate the need for repeating arterial puncture for determination of arterial PaCo2. This study performed to determine the accuracy of ETCo2 levels as a measure of PaCo2 levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and also to evaluate variation of the gradient between PaCo2 and ETCo2, peri- cardiopulmonary bypass operation. In a prospective, cross-sectional study, a total of 40 patients with age 57±11 (35-73) years old undergoing coronary artery bypass graft were enrolled

Nowadays, statistical analysis and monitoring of networks and early detection of anomalies with a significant growth rate have received more attention than before in recent years. In the real world, there is a wide range of networks analyzed and improved through network monitoring solutions, such as transportation, supply-demand, financial exchanges, health care, as well as the social ones, the analysis of the results can be beneficial to the stakeholders. The basis of the research is on identifying and solving the real problem. In other words, a real problem is identified in the country and a methodology is developed to solve it. The case study is the monitoring of a network of centers that provide emergency services in cities. The nature of this network is dynamic, feature-based, directed and weighted. The results of this study show that by modeling complex systems as a network and its continuous monitoring, abnormal situations can be identified and managed early and crises in cities can be prevented.

Water complexes including Jacuzzi are among the most popular water recreation centers that noncompliance with health standards can lead to increased microbial growth in water and thus the risk of infection. This study aimed at comprehensive study of jacuzzis water in Yazd city and comparing the results with national and international standards. This was a descriptive - analytical study that statistical society included all Jacuzzis of Yazd city. Sampling of jacuzzis was performed every two weakes for 3 months (Summer 2011). We tested the water samples for parameters such as temperature, pH, amount of residual chlorine, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, the population of heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fecal streptococci, and fecal coliforms accordance with standard methods. The SPSS software and ANOVA, T-test statistical tests, and/or Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney were used for description of data and the obtained results were analyzed by comparing with standards. we found that the mean of residual free and combined chlorine was equal to 0.628 and 0.337 mg/l respectively. The alkalinityand hardness were 141.928 and 275 mg/lCaCo3 respectively. Mean of pH, turbidity and temperature were equal to 7.88, 0.457 NTU and 38.121˙C respectively.Moreover, the mean population of fecal streptococci bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fecal coliforms were 20465.7, 120.77, 209.91 and 7131.4 in 100 ml respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed that there is a direct relationship between water turbidity and pH (Pvalue=0.018); however, population of heterotraphic bacteria and residual free chlorine had indirectl relationship (Pvalue= 0.026). According to the results achieved, the parameters of heterotrophic bacteria population and alkalinity had the least compliance with the standard indicating the need for continuous monitoring of physical, chemical, and microbial parameters of Jacuzzi water and control of the number and density of people using Jacuzzi and continuous monitoring of Jacuzzi water filtration and chlorination process performance.

At the rougher flotation circuit of the Miduk copper concentration plant (Kerman, Iran) five column cells (CISA) have been installed with 4m of diameter and 12m of height using static mixer type (MicrocelTM) spargers. Based on the initial design, columns should accept a feed rate of 625 t/h with 80% passing size of 90 µm and solids concentration of 28% and produce 88% of the plant concentrate (i.e., 22 t/h) containing 32% copper. Due to the mechanical and processing problems this objective was never achieved and theses columns were remained out of operation from the commissioning time (2005). The results of an extensive study indicated that spargers plugging is due to the entrance of small amount (2 kg) of coarse particles (up to 2.5 cm) and it is the main reason of columns non functionality. It was proposed in order to have a stable operation of the columns at the rougher stage the feed rate for each column should be reduced from 125 (design) to 70 t/h. The air superficial rate had to be also reduced from 1.9 (design) to 0.6 cm/s. A period of 10 days of continuous operation showed that the carrying capacity was 0.23 g/min/cm2 which was significantly lower than the design value (i.e., 0.58 g/min/cm2). The gas hold up was found to be lower than 10% beyond which columns started to move to the turbulent state indicated by “boiling” froth. The average life time of spargers was determined to be 20 days. The average recovery and concentrate grade of these columns were found 68 and 32%, respectively. The high wear rates of spargers, high level of maintenance and supervision needed and instability of the operation made the plant managers not to use the column cells as the roughers.

Arid and semi-arid areas، due to the sensitive، have variable ecosystems، so continuous assessment and monitoring of the environment is required for most of managerial and adjustment practices. Vegetation is one of the most important assessment tools and used as a criterion for evaluation and monitoring of ecosystem functions. In this study، for the first time in the country، we have evaluated status of vegetation in a desert area by the method provided by the Land Degradation Assessment in Aridlands as one of the last instruction of the vegetation status assessment. The model uses 16 different indicators to assess vegetation status: Total Bare Soil; Bare Spots; Litter cover or Surface organic matter; Vegetation Vigour; Proportion of perennial species; Proportion of Useful Species; Proportion of each vegetation strata; Species that decrease with grazing pressure; Species that increase with grazing pressure; Poisonous plants; Alien Invasive or proliferous weed species; Pest damage; Damage due to diseases; Bush /shrub encroachment; Utilization (Deforestation); Biomass decline. After running the model in the desert rangelands of East and compared the results with the reality، we found this model at least for the desert area، have very good performance.

The past decade has encountered several notable dam failures occurring worldwide as a result of changes in structure, geotechnics, operations and environment of dams. This has necessitated the development of new and inexpensive approaches for evaluating the amount of risk posed to populations residing downstream of dams. One particularly cost-effective and approachable method for risk assessment under such conditions is the use of remote sensing technology. Accordingly, radar interferometry was used in this study to investigate changes in the structural behaviour of the Lar Dam, following initial inspections of the dam’s body, which revealed signs of subsidence due to breaches in the dam as well as internal erosion within the embankment. The proposed model incorporated images from the Sentinel-1A satellite taken of the study region from 2015 to 2020. As the findings suggested, the total amount of subsidence was measured at 8mm, occurring in the left abutment of the dam. Further inspections revealed swelling in the left abutment, near the edge, from 2018 to 2019. The findings clearly demonstrate the credibility of incorporating field observations with radar images to identify early signs of dam failure.

The interbank market and the activity of banks in financial markets have led to the interconnectedness of banking system. In the normal situation, the interconnectedness will make the system more stable, but in a turbulent condition, the crisis will quickly spread to the entire banking network. In order to effective policy making in financial stability, continuous measurement and monitoring of the level of contagion in the banking network and studying the mechanism of its impact on macroeconomics is required. This paper evaluates the risk of contagion by using Dynamic causality statistics (DCI), and has identified the banks that have a systemic importance in terms of contagion or so-called too-connected-to-fail (TCTF). The relationship between GDP changes and the value added of the financial sector with changes in the DCI index of Iran's banking sector has been evaluated using Granger causality, which indicates a negative relationship up to 12-month time horizon. In order to take a timely measure for decreasing the adverse effects of systemic risks, Policy-makers should monitor DCI index continuously.

The main purpose of this article is to determine the threshold level of ownership structure and the relationship between institutional owners' shares and tax avoidance. To meet this end, the data of 110 firms over the periods of 1390-1399 in the Tehran security market were selected. Moreover, this study sought to investigate the hypotheses and relationship between the mentioned variables. So the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model was used. The results indicate that at different levels of institutional shareholders 'share, the linear relationship between variables is not confirmed, and increasing shareholders' share as a transfer variable to 27.54, the participation in tax avoidance increases but after this level, it decreases. Overall, the results of evaluating the relationship between ownership structure and tax avoidance confirmed that in Tehran Stock Exchange, the inverse U relationship between variables is confirmed; this means that before the threshold level, the effect of the ownership structure in tax avoidance has been incremental and subsequently decreasing. Therefore, monitoring of company size and share of institutional shareholders was recommended to determine the appropriate level of ownership structure, prevent the dominance of governmental managers and shareholders and reduce the conflict of interests of managers and shareholders.