The effects of 14 weeks of kata versus aerocombat training on social interactions of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were investigated. The study included 54 eligible children whom they assigned to kata , or aerocombat or no-exercise control group . Participants of the exercise groups received kata techniques or aerocombat instructions three times per week for 14 weeks (42 sessions). The social interaction were assessed at baseline, week 14, and at one month follow up in the three groups via the social dysfunction sunscale of Gilliam,Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2). Statistical analyses were performed with a repeated measures of analysis of variance, a one-way analysis of variance a paired t-test, and an idependent t-test. Results showed that both kata techniques and aerocombat training improved social interactions of the two exercise groups. It was also found that aerocombat exercises played more prominent role in improving social interactions than kata techniques. After 30 days of no practice social interaction in the exercise groups remained significantly decreased compared to pre-intervention time. The participants of the control group did not show significant changes in the outcome variable. It seems that teaching kata techniques and aerocombat exercises to children with ASD consistently improves their social interactions The role played by aerocombat training in improving social interactions was significantly greater than kata . Iit should be noted that the nature of martial arts could be considered as a key option in prescribing martial arts based interventions in children with ASD for improving their social interactions.

The aim of this study was to compare the balance(dynamic and static) and reaction time(simple and choice) in national elite male Kata and Kumite players and related profile form. For this reason 30 national elite male karate players(15 athletes from Kata and 15 athletes from Kumite) were randomly selected. Study design was the causal comparative research. For the evaluation of static, dynamic balance and simple & choice reaction time used the stork, SEBT and four directional systems respectively. Descriptive and inferential test used for statistical analysis. Independent t-test used for the data analysis in level (P≤0.05). The results showed that: The Kata players had better static balance than Kumite player (P=0.001). And the Kata players had better dynamic balance than Kumite player(P=0.001). Also the Kata and Kumite players were equal in simple reaction time(P=0.652). At least the Kata and Kumite players were equal in choice reaction time(P=0.126). Finally we found that the balance is more important to Karate athletes than reaction time for choice between Kata and Kumite.

The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis of the specificity of practice regarding training place (to determine whether learning a sport skill was specific to the training place). Participants were 30 adolescent female students (mean age 11.50±1.50 years) who performed 10 sessions of learning perceptive-motor skill of Kata in Karate. After they finished Kata sessions, retention test was performed in the training place and transfer test in a different place and Kata scores were measured. To analyze the data, independent t test was used. Results showed that the subjects achieved their peak performance in the training place while their performance deteriorated significantly in the different place. It seems that the performance of the task was related to the place of training. The findings of this study provided evidence to support the specificity of practice hypothesis.

The present text is the introduction of Bital Bachisi Sanskrit and the identification of two anonymous Persian translations of this work. This study, by examining the list of manuscripts and the introduction of Urdu and English translations of the work and using library sources, in addition to examining the ancient background of this Sanskrit work and the name of the original author, has gained knowledge of two Persian manuscripts. The history of Bital Bachisi Sanskrit goes back to ancient India and even the Pahlavi language. This book is the ninth part of the twelfth book of the Hindu antiquity, Kata Sarit Sagara, compiled in the 11th century by Somadua at the request of Suryabati, Queen of Kashmir, to entertain her granddaughter. Kata Sarit Sagara, a summary of Varihat Kata, a sixth-century AD poem by Gonadieh. Gonadieh used the language of Paisachi, which originates in the Pahlavi language, to compose this poem. Bital stories were first translated into Persian by Mullah Ahmad in the years (823/875 - 1420/1470). Tohfatol-Majales and Bital Ajam are two Persian translations of this work, the first of which was translated by Raj karn in 1103 AH and the second by Madhu Kishan before 1245 AH. The introduction of this ancient work and its Persian translations as representatives of Persian translations of Sanskrit works and examples of fiction prose style of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AH is important.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether kata training leads to reductions of stereotypic behaviors in Asperger syndrome. In this single-subject study، three boys with Asperger syndrome were required to exercise Heian Shodan kata for 12 weeks. Changes in the severity of stereotypy was assessed at one-week intervals during the experimental phase and one month after termination of the intervention using multiple baseline method. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARE-SE) was used to measure stereotypic behaviors. Analysis of within and between subject effects was done using diagrams for stability envelope and data trending. Training in Heian Shodan Karate decreased stereotypy in all three participants [Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND) =83. 33% for first and second participants، PND=91. 67% for the third participant] and this reduction was maintained one month after termination of the intervention. Long-term kata training resulted in reductions of stereotypic behaviors in three boys with Asperger Syndrome. However، research with larger sample sizes is required to examine the effectiveness of this intervention and improve confidence in the current findings.

The purpose of this study is to comparison of bone mineral density (BMD)، bone mineral content (BMC) and muscular strength between elite males karateca practitioners (kata & kumite styles) in southern Khorasan. Participants were 12 kumite practitioners (age=22. 6±2. 23 yr. & BMI=22. 43±1. 95 kg/m2)، 12 kata practitioners (age=21. 5±1. 15 yr. & BMI=22. 38±3. 14 kg/m2) and 12 healthy untrained men (age=22. 9±1. 60 yr. & BMI= 21. 85±2. 89 kg/m2). Athletic groups had minimally 5 years experience in karate sport and they have healthy state and normal diet. The BMD and BMC in thigh bone (neck، trochanteric and proximal) and forearm area (two third of distal of ulna & radius، and carpal bones) measured By DXA method. Grip and back strength of participants were evaluated using Yagami dynamometer. It is applied the one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests for extraction of results and significant differences was considered if p<0. 05. Result showed that in kumite practitioners، BMD (p=0. 04 & p=0. 000 respectively) of forearm area، grip strength (p=0. 02 & p=0. 000 respectively) and back strength (p=0. 000 & p=0. 000 respectively) were significantly higher than kata practitioners and untrained group. In addition، the BMD & BMC in thigh bone (p=0. 000 & p=0. 03 respectively)، grip strength (p=0. 000) and back strength (p=0. 000) of the kata practitioners were significantly higher than untrained group. Present study indicated that karate training improved efficiently bone condition and muscular strength; but in comparison of two styles of this sport، the kumite style have naturally more mechanical impacts، and thereby can induce more beneficial effects on the bone condition and muscular strength of participants.

This study aims at examining the impact of karate training on the enhancement of assertiveness among Sabzevar’s shy female guidance school students. To fulfill this objective, the pretestposttest quasi-experimental research method with a control group was utilized. The subjects were selected through the multistage random sampling method and after making sure about their homogeneity, they were divided into three experimental groups (n = 42) and a control group (n = 14). The experimental croups received karate training (independent variable) but the control group did not receive any treatment. The length of the training program was 8 weeks and the subjects followed it three days a week with 120 minutes of daily exercise. The measurement instruments included the Rafi shyness questionnaire with 25 items and the Gambrel and Ritchie assertiveness questionnaire with 40 items, which were administered at the pre-test and posttest stages. The collected data indicated that karate training doesn’t increase the assertiveness of shy students (p<%5). It was also found out that there is no significant difference in the assertiveness of the girls who had received Kata/Kumite training and those who hadn’t (p<%5) and the assertiveness the girls who had received Kumite training and those who had received Kata training was not significant different, either (p<%5). Hence, it can be said that karate training did not have any significant effect on reducing shyness (p<%5). The findings of the present study suggest that modification of maladjusted behaviors requirevarious techniques one of which can be physical training.

Visual memory and space intelligence are the most important talents for karate athletes. Therefore, the present study investigated the visual memory and space intelligence of female Karate students who practiced Kata and Kumite.
The method of this research was Ex post facto design. One hundred seventy selected female athletes who were practicing in Karate under the supervision of Iran Karate Federation were selected. Ninety of athletes practiced in Kata, and eighty of them practiced Kumite. The sample was selected by targeting method. The instruments of this study were two questionnaires included; John Luis Selier visual memory test, and Minnesota space visualization test.
The results showed that female athletes who practiced Kata had significantly higher visual memory than Kumite group. However, there was no differences between space intelligence in these two groups.
Our data revealed that the visual memory and space intelligence are very vital and play a key role in karate. To achieve a better result in karate competitions, practice and reinforcement of these skills seems to be crucial.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of one-month common trainings in karate including strength, aerobic and kata trainings on hip and knee flexion and extension torque, muscular endurance, aerobic and anaerobic power, body composition and performance of kata international champions of Iranian three-man kata team with a history of championship in World and Asian leagues. These kata athletes with age of 31.5±3 years, body mass index of 25.5±1.5 kg/m2, and body fat of 12.5±1.5% participated in one-month trainings including eight aerobic sessions, six strength sessions, six technique and kata sessions and four combination sessions (strength and aerobics). Various descriptive statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and individual and team percentage changes were used to compare pre- and post-test information. The results showed a significant increase in all moments. There was also a significant increase in muscular endurance rates associated with half-squat with body weight (50%), bench press with 0.8% body weight (19.5%), chin up (33.5%), and a relatively strong to strong improvement was observed in the performance of kata. Nevertheless, there were no significant changes in body composition, aerobic power (1600 m running) and anaerobic power (Sargent jump). It seems that despite the usefulness of conventional karate trainings, special attention should be paid to individual needs, adequate diet and supplementary trainings for greater effectiveness.

In the present article, uniformitarianism is discussed as one of the theories related to the changes in geology phenomena. Furthermore, its contrast with neo-catastrophism, catastrophism and evolution will be presented using a documentary method.