This study investigates the impact of corruption on inflation rate in selected MENA countries over the 1996-2013. We apply base model presented by Al-Marhubi (2000), Vindelynand Hillman (2007) and Damir and Praksa (2011). The estimation results of non-linear Panel Smooth Transition Regression model strongly reject the linearity hypothesis, and estimates two regimes that gives a threshold at corruption of -1.26 for under review countries. The key results show that the effect of the corruption, GDP per capita and openness is negative and show the intensity of them are high in high levels of calculated threshold for corruption. Other results of research report the existence of positive effects of government consumption expenditure and liquidity on inflation rate. Moreover, the results of many done studies about positive effects of government consumption expenditure and liquidity and also negative effects of control of corruption index, GDP per capita and openness on inflation rate are confirmed in this study. As the intensity of negative effect of control of corruption on inflation rate increasing simultaneous with increasing control of corruption.

Corruption is an abnormal economic, political and cultural phenomenon that more or less exists within all countries and is a major obstacle to the growth and development. So, the main aim in this reseach is to investigate the role of corruption control in the impact of monetary and fiscal policies on economic growth. Doing so a sample including Iran and 19 member countries of the Middle East and North Africa during the period 2002-2019 and Panel Method of Generalized Moment (PGMM) and Panel Vector Auto Regression (PVAR) are used. The results of PGMM model estimation show a positive and significant relationship between corruption control variables as well as the cross effect of corruption control and liquidity and cross effect of corruption control and final government spending on economic growth. While, without corruption control, liquidity variables and final government spending have had a negative impact on economic growth. In PVAR estimation, the effect of variables on economic growth has been investigated using the impulse response function and variance decomposition. Comparing the results of estimating PGMM and PVAR methods show that in both methods the control of corruption and liquidity intersection, control of corruption and final government expenditure intersection, and the index of corruption control on economic growth are positive while the effect of final consumption of government and liquidity without control of corruption is negative. Also, the effect of gross fixed capital formation as a control variable of the model has been positive and significant.

The term "good governance" is one of the most important words in recent decades in the economic literature. Good governance means the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens, groups and civil institutions follow their civil interests and enforce their legal rights and fulfill their obligations. Good governance consists of six indicators: Control of Corruption, Government Effectiveness, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Voice and Accountability that one of its important components is the variable control of corruption. Accordingly, the relationship between good governance indicators on corruption control has been investigated in the period of 2015-2004 between the countries of the Middle East and South-East Asia with using of Panel Var method. The results showed that Regulatory Quality and Government Effectiveness had a positive and negative significant on control of corruption in the Middle East countries respectively while Political stability, Rule of Law and Voice and Accountability had a positive significant on control of corruption in the East and South East Asia.

The existing literature on corruption is divided into two categories. The first category focuses on the determinants of corruption. Various empirical studies show that the main factors affecting the scope and extent of corruption are the quality of urban services, the level of wages in the public sector, the rule of law, especially anti-corruption laws and access to natural resources, the level of development and the degree of competitiveness of the economy, globalization and industrial policy of the country . The second category of existing literature focuses on the consequences of corruption. In other words, we can refer to studies such as the impact of corruption on the growth, quality of public infrastructure and public investment, foreign direct investment, income inequality and poverty, and government spending.In line with the first category of the above-mentioned studies, the effect of globalization on corruption is the main focus of this article. In other words, in this research, we seek to answer the question, does the spread of globalization affect the level of corruption? Considering that globalization can have different effects on corruption, which depends on the level of globalization of countries, so it is likely that there is a non-linear relationship between them. For this purpose, statistical data of member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC) during the period 2003-2019, and the econometric method of panel smooth threshold regression have been used.

For analyzing data, panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used, which was presented and expanded by Gonzalez et al. (2005) and Colletaz & Hurlin (2006). We use the general model of the research, which is specified in the form of the following equation:Where, COC: Corruption control index, KOF: Globalization index and The Control symbol indicates the control variables that are introduced below:EF: economic freedom, GS: Government consumption expenditure as a percentage of GDP, a proxy for the size of the government, LGDP: the logarithm of real per capita income as an economic development index, INF: inflation rate, FL: the share of women among all employees (in percentage) used for the participation index of women or gender and PSI: Political stability index.

The results of the estimation suggest a strong nonlinear relationship between variables and represent a two-regime model with a threshold of 69.75 and a slope of 0.78. According to research findings, globalization has a negative and significant effect in the first regime and a positive and significant effect on the corruption control index in the second regime. Therefore, the U-shaped hypothesis between globalization and the corruption control index is confirmed in the studied countries. Also, with the transition variable (globalization index) passing the threshold limit and in the second regime, the positive effect of economic development on the corruption control index has decreased. The size of the government and the participation rate of women (gender) in both regimes have a negative and positive effect on the corruption control index, respectively. The negative relationship between economic freedom and corruption control index in the first regime has turned into a positive relationship in the second regime. The effect of political stability is positive and significant before the threshold limit, and finally, inflation in both regimes has no significant effect on the corruption control index.

Based on the results of this study, suggestions should be made to facilitate the identification and control of activities mixed with corruption:1) Considering the direct effect of globalization in controlling corruption and its indirect effect through the removal of restrictions on trade and foreign investment (the channel of influence of the economic freedom variable), it is suggested that the countries under study have the necessary infrastructure to improve the globalization level through institutional and structural reforms, market liberalization, increasing competition and transaction transparency, and improving services in all economic sectors.2) Legislators and statesmen of the studied countries should take the necessary measures for the fair distribution of income and reduce the class gap as a driving factor of corruption, in parallel with economic development.3) Considering that with the size of the governments, the level of corruption has also increased, so comprehensive policies and programs should be implemented in order to make the government smaller, so more emphasis should be placed on privatization and reduction of government monopolies. In thix context, reducing the number of government employees, moving towards electronic government are among the actions that can lead to the shrinking of the public sector.4) Increasing the relative share of women's employment reduces corruption. It is suggested to increase the share of women's participation in the government sector in these countries.

Nowadays the corruption is a problem that is faced by all countries, whether developed or less developed.. On the other hand, the stability of liquidity are the main factor of economic stability. Uncontrolled growth of liquidity leads to higher speculative demand for money and growth of non-productive sectors in economy and the corruption occurs in such condition.
Due to the relationship between liquidity and corruption and their effects on economic growth, this paper is aimed to investigate the impact of controlling corruption on GDP through liquidity channel. In this study, GMM dynamic panel method for 31 selected developing countries is used. The results of estimation for the period 2002 -2012 indicates that Control of corruption in developing countries has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. Also in situation of Simultaneous increase in Control of corruption and Liquidity, increasing of Liquidity can improve economic growth via more Control of corruption. Moreover results indicate that increasing of globalization and per capita capital has a significant positive effect on economic growth.

The present study addresses the question of whether the Ahmadinejad and Rouhani administrations were able to achieve the desired governance model in terms of the index of political stability and control of corruption? Examination of the figures published by the World Bank on the two components of political stability and corruption control of this model in the ninth (1385-1385) and 11th (1393-1396) governments shows that the performance score of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani governments was below zero and the global average. . By comparing the economic growth chart (GDP) with the trend of changes in the pattern of good governance, this study shows a direct relationship between the two components of political stability and control of corruption with economic growth; So that the improvement of these two indicators in the 11th government has improved the economic growth index in Iran and the reduction of this component in the last year of the first Rouhani government (96) is affected by the reduction of political stability and corruption control in the good governance model. Thus, the model of good governance under the influence of two components of political stability and political corruption has played an important role in reducing economic growth in the government of Rouhani and Ahmadinejad. The method used in the present study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.

Political stability and control of corruption have an important effect on the economic performance of countries. The aim of this study is to investigate influential factors of foreign direct investment. The most important factors that are considered in this context are the political stability, control of corruption, inflation rate, exchange rate and freedom of trade. For estimation of relationships, the Panel Data method is used with applying data for 18 countries in MENA region over the period of 1996-2014. The results show the GDP, and Exchange rate have a positive effect on FDI. Moreover, political stability and control of corruption (two dimensions of good governance) have a positive effect on FDI. The effects of economic trade and inflation rate on FDI do not confirm by this data.

This research explains the impact of informal institutions (corruption control) and formal institutions (number of procedures, education and entrepreneurship training and skills, access to credit and technology absorption) on entrepreneurship development in 10 in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, including Iran during 2005 – 2019. The type of study is descriptive. The present article estimates a panel data model by using the available data from international statistical institutes. Eviews and Stata14 software’s are used for the calculations. The results show that the if corruption control increases, the entrepreneurship will increase, since there is a positive and significant relationship between corruption control and formal institutions, and entrepreneurship development. Among the MENA countries, corruption control has the least impact on entrepreneurship in Iran and the highest impact in Qatar. Also, corruption control, training and skills and technology absorption have had great impacts on the entrepreneurship development.

In sociology and economics Corruption control is seen as one of the national ideals in the constitution, and its failure is considered one of the problems of the Islamic Republic of Iran today. On the other hand, the shadow economy is a pathological system that causes distortions in the real economy, and its causes can be found in the benefits of the activities of actors outside the official sector, and in fact, in systemic corruption. The activity of these activists can be effective in the quality of governance and its effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between corruption control and the shadow economy of Iran during the years 1374 to 1398 has been examined by using one of the governance indicators, which is corruption control, and using the NARDL method. The results showed that this relationship is negative in the short and long term. In the short term, with a one percent increase in corruption control, the size of the shadow economy will decrease to 0.023 percent, and in the long term, with the increase in corruption control, the shadow economy will decrease to 0.01 percent, according to the findings of the policy research of institutions and organizations. The trustee of governance regarding the improvement of governance indicators, including the corruption control index, distance seems to be necessary, a sustainable solution is to move towards smart systems and monitor and monitor the authenticity of goods and customs monitoring along with ending the insular politics in the economy.

Corruption and economic security are among the most important issues in Iran's economy today. In the economic literature, economic corruption can also facilitate bureaucracy and business. It acts as an oil between the hard gears of an economical machine that can also reduce performance and economic security by increasing transaction costs and risk. Therefore, in this study, the analysis of the nonlinear relationship between economic corruption and economic security in Iran, during the period of 1357 - 1397, thresholds are performed using the regression method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation in terms of type and method of research. The results of estimating the research model show that the threshold for corruption is 0.45. Hansen's linear test results with the Bootstrap method also confirm the threshold significance. The implication of this threshold is that in a government with less than 0.45 corruption, increasing the size of corruption has a significant and negative effect on economic security. But in a regime with greater corruption, corruption has a positive effect on economic security. In other words, the non-linear relationship between economic corruption and economic security in the country is confirmed and indicates a long-term relationship between corruption control and economic security in Iran.