In this study, minced vannamie shrimp meat (S) was added to minced farm-raised silver carp fish (F) with four different ratios: 0% (F100), 25% (F75:S25), 50% (F50:S50) and 75% (F25:S75) and then some chemical properties (proximate composition, myoglobin and cholesterol content), electrophoretic pattern as well as sensory parameters were performed. F25:S75 had the highest protein (21.68%) and the lowest fat content (0.91%) compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest amounts of myoglobin were observed in F100 (6.05 mg/g) and F25:S75 (1.11 mg/g), respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, F25:S75 had the highest (84.36 mg/100 g) and F100 (42.22 mg/100 g) had the lowest cholesterol content among all treatments (P<0.05). The results of SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the most detected number of the bands belonged to F100 (16 bands) and the lowest number of the bands was observed in F25:S75 (14 bands). The highest amounts of α-actinin (5.9%) and β-thropomyosin (15.19%) were observed in F75:S25 (P<0.05). The sensory quality demonstrated that the control group (F100) reached the lowest score in terms of texture, smell, taste, and overall acceptance among all treatments (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that increasing in shrimp meat proportion in the fish burger would increase the amount of crude protein and sensory scores and also decreased myoglobin content, while the highest cholesterol levels was observed in F25:S75 treatment.

In this study, freshness and quality of cultured shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were studied by using some mechanical properties (under shear and compression) during four storage stages (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) with generally used conditions (at temperature of 0 oC, in ice). For this purpose, two shearing loading rates of 48 and 144 mm/min were examined. Shear properties including stiffness modulus, yield energy, maximum energy, maximum shear force and total energy and the compression properties including total strain energy, recycle energy, stiffness, hardness, resilience, hysteresis, maximum adherence of exerted force and springiness were evaluated. The parameters of weight with and without skin, volume with and without skin, specific weight with and without skin, and length were considered as some physical properties of the shrimp samples. A factorial statistical design with completely randomized block design was used for data analysis and Duncans’ test was exploited for mean comparisons. Based on the results, effects of the independent variables (storage day, modulus of stiffness) were significant at 1% probability level. Also, hysteresis and total strain energy for storage day showed marked difference at 5 % level. It can be concluded that mechanical properties of the shrimp could be used to determine shrimp freshness and use of compression method with modulus of stiffness and shrimp tissue stiffness is the most appropriate approach for this aim. Resilience energy, springiness and stiffness of shrimp tissue continuously reduced by sixth day of storage afterward the parameters tend to increase. This finding demonstrates that the tenderness of the tissue is gradually diminished after harvest.

The effect of browned product of fructose on lipid oxidation and sensory attributes of Indian shrimp (Penaeus indicus) was investigated during 6 month storage at-18°C. Sugar browning carried out at 100°C under alkaline condition (pH=10), then the browned sugar added to the shrimps in the rate of 15%. The assessment related to quality changes has been done at months 0, 1, 3 and 6th. The results showed that browned product of fructose reduced TBARS and FFA as compared with the control. Also, browned product of fructose resulted in reducing the rate of heme iron reduction of shrimp meat. Sensory assessment revealed that the use of browned product of fructose produced better sensory attributes (odor, taste and color) in comparison to the control. With respect to the results, browned product of fructose is a potential antioxidant to maintain the quality and improve sensory attributes of Penaeus indicus.

Drying shrimp is one of the storage methods that, while increasing the shelf life, leads to the production of a versatile product with various uses, from consumption as snacks to use as one of the main components of foods. Drying is preferred over other preservation methods because it offers numerous advantages, including extended shelf life, enhanced microbial stability, convenient consumption, reduced transportation costs, increased value, and product diversity.To accurately model these processes and thus obtain information on factors such as shelf life and energy consumption, it is necessary to determine the product’s initial and final temperatures, its geometry and dimensions, and its thermo-physical characteristics. Simulation of different drying processes requires accurate estimation of the effective moisture diffusion coefficient, which is highly dependent on temperature and humidity. Its dependence can be shown by an equation with an Arrhenius structure as an empirical function of humidity and temperature, or by considering the activation energy.It is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about heat and mass transfer characteristics, such as diffusion or penetration coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient to estimate the final temperature and drying time. This study investigated the drying process of peeled farmed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using a convective hot air dryer. Various parameters such as shrinkage and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient were examined.

A drying device was built to conduct experimental studies on drying shrimp samples. The experiments were conducted on sliced shrimp meat samples at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius, with a constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The experimental drying models were based on diffusion theory. In these models, it is assumed that the resistance to moisture diffusion occurs from the outer layer of the food. In most cases, Fick's second law was used to describe the phenomenon of moisture penetration.The study used the standard method of immersion in toluene to measure volume changes in the samples. During the drying process, the volume of the samples was measured at 45-minute intervals, and their volume changes were calculated. To measure the moisture content of the samples, each test started by recording the initial weight of the samples using a digital scale with an accuracy of ±0.001 g. During the drying process, the samples were weighed each time their volume was measured.Shrinkage during the drying process is commonly modeled by finding a relationship between shrinkage and moisture, using linear and non-linear models. In most cases, effective permeability is defined as a function of humidity and temperature. For this purpose, curve-fitting methods were employed to analyze the data collected from experimental tests. The appropriate function was extracted by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, which is applicable to most food items.

Based on the results of statistical indices, the linear model was the best model for depicting the relationship between shrinkage changes versus moisture ratio changes among the various experimental models evaluated for shrinkage and drying kinetics. Similarly, the Weibull distribution demonstrated superior performance in expressing variations in moisture ratio over time. A moisture dependent experimental model was used to express the variations in the apparent density of shrimp, resulting in a computed range of 1017-1117 kg m-3. Furthermore, an Arrhenius equation was derived to express the effect of moisture content and temperature on the effective diffusion coefficient of shrimp. According to the results, the effective diffusion coefficient of shrimp exhibited variations ranging from 0.08 ×10-9 m2 s-1 to 7.39×10-9 m2 s-1. When deriving the effective diffusion coefficient, the impact of the number of terms in Fick's second law on the variation of the moisture ratio was studied. The findings revealed that increasing the number of terms beyond 100 did not significantly affect the model’s outputs.

The linear model had the highest coefficient of determination (R2) among the evaluated shrinkage models, as well as the lowest root mean square error and sum of square error (SSE). This makes it the most optimal model for interpreting shrinkage at the tested temperature levels. The Weibull distribution experimental model proved to be the most suitable for expressing changes in the moisture ratio of shrimp meat slices over time within the evaluated temperature range. The Arrhenius model accurately predicts changes in the effective diffusion coefficient of shrimp slices with respect to temperature and moisture content within the tested temperature range.

Shrimp meat is very rich in protein and has more protein than meat of slaughtered livestock and fish and has a short shelf life due to its high perishability. Therefore, plant extracts can be used to maintain product quality for a long time. In the present study, the aim was to optimize the extraction of Mandab plant by percolation method in terms of solvent type factors, solvent ratio, time and finally the application of the optimal extract according to the total phenolic composition and inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals to prepare marinade from Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) and its shelf life at refrigerator temperature and changes in physicochemical properties (including: pH, acidity, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, water holding capacity, water activity, sensory evaluation, acid-salt taste measurement and texture test) product using It was SPSS method. The results showed that the optimal extract was obtained using ethanol solvent in 36 h and a volume of 7 mL. The lowest amount of TVB-N was observed in day 20 of the experiment and with 30% of the extract, the lowest amount of TBA was observed in the control sample. Changes in pH and acidity without significant differences between treatments had a decreasing trend compared to the control sample during the storage period. WHC had a decreasing trend compared to the control and aw samples without significant differences between treatments, more than the control sample.

In order to investigate the effects of plant pigment sources (PPS) such as carrot pulp and tomato pomace and animal wastes pigment sources (APS) such as crab and shrimp waste on skin and meat color in broiler chicks similar amounts of these sources were added to the broiler diets in this research. This study was done at a 42-day period. One hundred and fifteen male broiler chicks from Ross 308 commercial strain were used as a Randomized Complete Block Design with 5 treatments, replicates and 10 pieces per replicate. The experimental groups were included controls, carrot pulp (50 g/kg diet) tomato pomace (50 g/kg diet), crab (50 g/kg diet) and shrimp waste (50 g/kg diet). To perform for colorimetric tests of broiler skin and meat 2–birds at day 42 randomly weighted and killed and a piece of the breast with skin was removed and after 24 hours of freezing, L*(brightness), a*(redness) and b (yellowness) parameters were evaluated by Minolta CR-400 colorimetric device. In the Colorimetric Results showed that experimental groups only affected the brightness of the skin, so that pigment sources resulted in darker skin (p<0.01). APS resulted in darker meat significantly (p<0.01). Animal pigment sources APS also caused yellower meat rather than control diet, significantly (p<0.05) but no significant changes were observed in red meat color and the red color was normal in all groups. This experiment showed that the pigment sources can effect meat and skin color in broiler.

Given that most government policies through mechanisms relative price change is done, it is necessary the effects of price changes on economic welfare is measured. This paper investigates the welfare effects caused by price changes of protein food stuffs in urban households. For this purpose, using urban household information, almost ideal demand system was estimated. The findings of expenditure elasticity of urban households show that meat, poultry, fish and shrimp and its products, and milk and its products are not elastic. The results of compensated own-price elasticity showed that the sensitivity of urban households to price change of meat and fish and shrimp is low compare to other protein food stuffs. If the price of protein food stuffs is doubled, the welfare of urban households is decreasing about 48 percent.

Survey of the households demand is very important and necessary in planning for production of various goods and services in order to regulate the domestic consumption, import and export. Given the importance of this issue, the study of consumer behavior and their consumption pattern is a major part of economic research with the objectives of analyzing the consumption structure, identifying appropriate patterns for explaining the consumer behavior, predicting consumption and its changes. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the consumption and demand behavior of basic food items (cereals, livestock, poultry, fish and shrimp and its products, dairy products, oils, fats and butter, fruits, pulses, sugar and vegetables) in urban areas of Iran using pooled data and SURE method.

According to the objectives of this study, the best functional form of demand should be identified to explain the consumption behavior of urban households in Iran. Therefore, first the Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System (GODDS) using the data of urban households (pooled data) was estimated using the seemingly unrelated regression (SURE) method and then, the appropriate functional form was selected. Then, according to the appropriate functional form, price and income elasticities were calculated by applying the conditions of adding up, homogeneity and symmetry for each of the equations of the demand system. Therefore, in order to choose and determine the appropriate functional form for food demand system, Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System (GODDS) was estimated. The above model includes the Rotterdam demand system, differential form of AIDS, and the two hybrid models NBR and CBS. The selection of a suitable functional system is based on the constraints applied based on the θ1 and θ2 parameters. The system of demand equations was estimated using the seemingly unrelated regression (SURE) method. Also, in order to be consistent with the theory of utility, the constraints of adding up, symmetry and homogeneity were applied as linear equations. In order to investigate the impact of drought and also the targeted of subsidies, two dummy variables were included in the model. In other words, the first dummy variable was entered into the model to investigate the impact of drought in 2008. The second dummy variable was entered in order to investigate the effect of targeted subsidies in before and after 2010. In order to better understand household consumption pattern and cost situation and to analyze income, price and cross-demand elasticities, and the deciles were divided into three main groups. In other words, the average of the first three to the third decile was placed in the first group. Also, the average of the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh decile in the second group and the mean of the eighth, ninth and tenth deciles were in the third group. Accordingly, in this study, the data used are pooled. The required data of research were gathered from the Statistics Center of Iran for the period 2006 to 2017.

Based on the results of the Wald test, the functional form of AIDS was selected against others. Price elasticity calculation results showed that own-price elasticity of food demand in urban areas is negative. Also, the highest own-price elasticity of food demand was related to fish and shrimp and its products (-1.03). The positive cross- price elasticity of food indicates that there is not necessarily a two-way substitutional relationship between food items and only in some cases (such as cereals and pulses), there is a substitutional relationship. Most positive cross-price elasticities have low values, indicating a poor substitution between food items. The calculation of income elasticity indicates the normality of commodity groups. The income elasticity of fish and shrimp and its products is greater than one that illustrates the luxury of this food.

Calculating the self-price elasticity of food in urban areas indicates the high elasticity of fish and shrimp and its products. Also, the income elasticity of fish and shrimp and its products has been more than one, which indicates the luxury of this food in urban areas. Therefore, pricing and subsidy policies should be set in such a way as to ensure a minimum consumption of animal protein for each individual in the community. Also, the policies governing the production and supply of the group (cereals, oils, fats and butter, fruits, vegetables, pulses and sugar) as well as the policies governing their consumption should be regulated in some way that the minimum supply of foods is to be possible for households.