Semiotics is one of the new critical approaches whose task is to study the sign system of the text or discourse and the anatomy of the text and discourse at the level of symbols and signs. In fact, it is a critical attempt delving into the textual abyss to reach the textual truth, which is the meaning and the textual embodiment after overcoming the apparent sign of the text or discourse. This study aims to investigate the poem ‘A Bird Accepted a Massacre’ by Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq, from the Diwan of Sayyid Al-Wahshetin (2006). The analysis is done using Issam’s integrated theory for reaching full awareness of this poem by relying on the semiotic method and in the various sub-axes. This poem overflows with signs, symbols, and semiotic characteristics, from the title to the last word. Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq, besides employing civilization and civilizational and cultural references and data in his poetry is very keen on linguistic selection and employing the vocabulary in his poetry stemming from awareness and knowledge of the function of language and vocabulary.In fact, the poet establishes the relations and bonds between his poetic text and between the recipient and the poem. It enjoys a delicate poetic awareness and has many semiotic energies from the title as the richness of the text to the text. The poet in this poem is very keen on poetic expression of the predicament and abysmal Iraqi reality as a result of the brutal aggression. What draws attention, as revealed by the semiotic act, is the semantic relationship between the title and the poetic text in the relationship, as we notice in the poem. This title with semantic charge and abundant semiotic energies, which is a shorthand for the connotations inherent in the text and semiotic awareness, reveals that the poet, by formulating this title, expresses the states of labor, the exit from the whirlpool and the massacre, the moment of joy and openness, and the perpetuation of life in the land of Iraq after defeating the factors of occupation and siege. The conclusions in this poem with the semiotic property and the organizational structure of the sentences and the textual structures of this poem serve the purposes of the text and enhance the connotations emanating from the symbols and connotations.When studying the global structure of the poetic text, we see the three sides at the level of textual factors between the sender, the assistant, and the opposition. The rhetorical groupings consisting of various words and signs associated with the textual representatives and the semantic field associated with death and life through the exploitation of suggestive words and according to the semiotic square of Grimas were observed. The results of the study also showed the relationship based on the formation of the negative level and the negative state of the land as a result of war and aggression.

An experimental study of the high velocity impact on 2/1 GLARE panels has been carried out. Four GLARE 3 panels with (Al/0/90/Al)، (Al/02/902/Al)، (Al/04/904/Al) and (Al/08/908/Al) configurations were fabricated. All panels had same aluminum thickness. Ballistic tests were conducted using flat ended steel projectiles. The failure modes and energy absorption mechanisms were characterized by observation the front and rear sides and also sectioning the panels. Some global and local failure modes due to high velocity impact were identified. The ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption capacity of each panel set was determined experimentally. Specific perforation energy was applied for comparison the ballistic efficiencies of each target. It was found that the (Al/02/902/Al) sequence has the superior specific perforation energy.

The functional graded Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite was developed by horizontal centrifugal casting method and the effect of mold speed on the microstructure and hardness was investigated. The microstructure assessment and identification of the resulting phases was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that ternary in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite microstructure was consisted of four phases α-Al, Al2Cu, θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu. The centrifugal force caused the separation and movement of the intermetallic particles containing chromium (θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu) toward the outer region of the composites with a decreasing trend to the middle region. The Al2Cu particles distributed toward the inner region of the specimens and were evenly distributed from the inner region to the middle region. As the mold rotation speed increased, the observed separation gradient increased so that the maximum area fraction of intermetallic particles in the outer region increased from 17% at 600 rpm to 36% at 1800 rpm. The results showed that the in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite has a higher hardness than the binary Al/Al-Cr composite at the same conditions. So that an increment of 80 percent in hardness was observed for the Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite compared to the Al/Al-Cr composite in their outermost region. As the rotational speed increased from 600 to 1800 rpm, the maximum amount of hardness which was associated with the outermost region of the centrifugally cast Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite increased from 51 to 76 Brinell.

In this research the effect of temperature and volume fraction of reinforcement on wear behavior of the Al/x vol% SiCp (x=0، 1، 3، 5) nanocomposite was investigated. Results revealed that addition of reinforcement particles increases transition to severe wear temperature of the samples، so that the temperature of transition to severe wear for the un-reinforced aluminum، Al-1%SiC، and Al-3%SiC and Al-5%SiC samples is 125°C، 150°C، and 175°C، respectively. Also، the composite samples showed lower wear rate and friction coefficient compared to the un-enforced aluminum، and with increase of volume fraction of SiC particles، wear resistance of the samples was improved. FESEM images from the surface of the samples worn at different temperatures revealed that wear mechanism in the mild wear area of all samples is the abrasive mode، but with increase of temperature and transition to severe wear area، wear mechanism of all samples except Al-5%SiC is the adhesive mode. The Al-5%SiC sample still shows the abrasive mode، which indicates the positive effect of the reinforcement phase.

In this study, the water balance component of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was replaced by the Atmosphere-Land Surface Interaction Scheme (ALSIS) and the modified Palmer Drought Severity Index (AL-PDSI) was compared with the self-calibrating version of Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI). The evaluation of drought indices in Karkheh river basin for the period 1983-2011 reveals reporting more severe droughts for certain duration by the AL-PDSI in comparison with the SC-PDSI. The AL-PDSI can capture seasonal variations in relative frequency of droughts. Moreover, the relative frequency of mild, moderate and severe drought for the AL-PDSI is higher than that for the SC-PDSI. However, the AL-PDSI and SC-PDSI do not show a remarkable difference in terms of the correlation with vegetation and soil moisture variations. The more physical mechanism of AL-PDSI helps in more comprehensive understanding of drought characteristics and in studying the effects of climate and land use change scenarios on droughts.

In this research, the electrochemical behavior of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel at presence of Al, Ti and simultaneous co-deposition of Al-Ti diffusional coatings were studied in the simulated marine environment (NaCl 3.5%). To determine the microstructure and phases of the coatings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. To evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used. Electrochemical polarization results showed that co-deposition of Al-Ti coating has better corrosion resistance (4.55×10-4 μA.cm-2) in comparison to Al (3.21×10-2 μA.cm-2) and Ti (3.6×10-2 μA.cm-2) coatings. Also the results of electrochemical impedance showed that co-deposition of Al and Ti have higher charge transfer resistance of electric double-layer in comparison with Al and Ti coatings.

In the current study the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-2Ni-xMn alloys was investigated as a substitute for Al-4Ni alloys. To this end, different melts containing 2 wt. % Ni and 1, 2, and 4 wt. % Mn were solidified at two cooling rates of 3.5 and 10.4 C/s. According to the results, under the low solidification rate, the tensile strength, fracture strain, and toughness of Al-2Ni-1Mn alloy are lower than those of Al-4Ni alloy by 26, 115, and 137%, respectively. However, further Mn addition impaired the tensile properties. Increasing the solidification cooling rate decreases the size and improves the distribution of Ni(Mn)-rich compounds and porosities within the microstructure and reduces the sizes of secondary dendrite arm spacing and grains. This substantially improved the mechanical properties of Mn-rich alloys. For instance, compared to Al-4Ni alloy solidified at 3.5 C/s, the tensile strength, fracture strain, and toughness of copper mold cast Al-2Ni-1Mn alloy increased by 50, 200, and 330%, respectively.

In this research, microstructure and tribological properties of CK45 steel coated with Fe-Al and Fe-Al-Si alloys using GTAW process were studied. In order to evaluate the microstructure and formed phases in the claddings, optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometery analysis were used. Also, tribological properties of the claddings were evaluated by pin-on-disk wear test at two different temperatures of 25 and 500 oC. Finally, the wear surfaces after the wear test were characterized by scanning electron microscopy to detect the main wear mechanism. It was found that the microstructure of Fe-Al-Si cladding was dendritic and lathy in some areas, while in Fe-Al cladding blade shape microstructure was seen. In Fe-Al-Si cladding owing to the presence of Si element, the width of cellular and planar solidification area was lower and dendritic solidification was seen. XRD analysis revealed that the main phase in Fe-Al binary and Fe-Al-Si ternary claddings were Fe3Al and (Fe,Si)3Al intermetallic compounds, respectively. Fe-Al-Si cladding indicated higher microhardness and wear resistance as compared with Fe-Al cladding. With addition of Si into the surface owing to microstructure refining and formation of (Fe,Si)3Al complex intermetallic compound the wear behavior of the surface improved. The predominant wear mechanism of both claddings was adhesion at room temperature, but at 500 oC, the predominant wear mechanism in Fe-Al cladding was micro-plowing abrasive while in Fe-Al-Si cladding was adhesive and abrasive.

Phytochelate is a charged compound that is bonded to the elements. For this purpose, in 2012, in the greenhouse of the University of Bu Ali Sina, The  effects of Si2+ and Al3+on total Phytochelate,  Phytochelate bond with  Si2+ and Al3+and distribution of Si2+ and  Al3+ ions in two rice cultivars (Shirudi and Aus) with different resistance to salinity. In this study, 30-day-old seedlings of rice were treated with Si2+ and Al3+in split plot design and Sampling was carried out every three days. The results showed that there is a significant difference between two breeder varieties of ion distribution in root and leaves. By comparing the concentration of 3 Si2+ and Al3+ in the root and leaf species, the concentration of Al3+ in the plant was compartmented. The Si2+ adsorption initially dipped the concentration down to the top of the plant then from top to bottom. However, in the Al3+ uptake process, the concentration dip from the bottom to the top of the plant intensified.