Gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal diseases. Dental plaque is known as an essential cause of gingivitis. Because of the inability of many people to maintainadequate levels of plaque control through mechanical methods, Use of antimicrobial mouth rinses has been recommended as an adjunct to usual oral hygiene. Aim of present study was to determine the clinical anti plaque and anti gingivitis effects of Irsha and Listerine antiseptic mouth rinses. Method and material: This clinical study was a double-blinde, randomized, 21day trial which included 30 patients ranging in age from 18-24, with mild to moderate gingivitis. Exclusion criteria included previous scaling and polishing, effective systemic disease on our study process and history of smoking, etc. Plaque index(silness & loe 1964), modified gingival index(lobene 1986), papillary bleeding index(saxer & muhelmann 1975) were scored at baseline. Participants were assigned by a random code to one of three groups: Irsha antiseptic, Listerine antiseptic, normal saline (control group). All solutions were kept in the same bottles. At baseline, participants were refrain from all oral hygiene procedures for a period 72 hours during which they rinsed twice daily for 30 seconds with 15 ml of one of the mouthwashes. At day 3, all volunteers were recalled and we record mention indexes. Subjects of control group received scaling and dental prophylaxis and excluded from study. Subjects in Irsha and Listerine antiseptic groups follow their usual oral hygiene habits in addition to mouth rinsing. Subjects return to clinic after weeks for final assessment of indices. Then they received scaling and dental prophylaxis.Resuls: Both Irsha and Listerine antiseptic reduced papillay bleeding index. In both groups plaque index was reduced when mouth rinses were used at supplements to mechanical oral hygiene methods. Only Listerine antiseptic was effective in improving modified gingival index when it was used as an adjunct to usual oral hygiene methods. Both Irsha antiseptic and Listerine antiseptic were effective in reducting plaque and gingivitis. But Listerine antiseptic was more effective in improving gingival inflammation.

At present research, the antibacterial potency of 4 antiseptic agents formulated in mouthwash products against four gram-positive cocci and 2 gram-negative bacilli isolated from dental plaque and abscess evaluated by five specific in-vitro methods. The bacteriostatic effect of four antiseptic agents is as following relation:CHG > > CPO> CPC > PVP-I. But, The quality and quantity of bactericidal effect of four antiseptic agents are as following relation: CHG> > PVP-I > CPC > CPO. The most sensitive bacterium for those four antiseptic agents was Strep. beta-hemolytic group A. The amount of phenol coefficient and anticeptical capasity of CHG were much more than the other 3 antiseptic agents and then its applied concentration was very low for two tested bacteria.

Nosocomial infection is the cause of deaths، morbidity، higher costs and increased length of stay in hospitals. Correct and appropriate use of antiseptic and disinfectants play an important role in reducing infections. In this study the efficacy of antiseptics on bacteria causing hospital infections has been studied. This study was conducted in the laboratory of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Uremia. In this study the Antimicrobial activity of Descocid، Korsolex basic، Mikrobac forte and persidin 1% was studied against bacteria causing hospital infections such as Enterobacter aeruginosa 1221 (NCTC 10006)، Staphylococcus epidermidis (PTCC: 1435 (Cip81. 55) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1. Sensitivities of bacteria were determined by Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal Concentration (MBC) antiseptics. In the second stage، the concentration of antiseptics was prepared according to the manufacturer''s suggested protocol and the effect of antimicrobial agents were studied at the certain concentration and contact time. All disinfectants (Descocid، Korsolex basic، Mikrobac forte) concentration and contact time، Accordance with the manufacturer''s brochure، had inhibitory effect on all bacteria. That this is consistent with the manufacturer''s brochure. Persidin one percent in concentration of from 2 and 4 V/V % and exposure time 5 minutes could not inhibit the growth of bacterial. But at concentrations of 10 and 20% respectively 15 and 30 minutes exposure time، all three types of bacteria can be inhibited، which is consistent with the manufacturer''s claims. In this study، the efficacy of antiseptics was determined with the Micro-dilution method recommended by the NCCLS. Korsolex basic، weakest antiseptics (the highest MIC) for the inhibition of three bacteria was determined. But Between all four antiseptics (according to manufacturer concentration)، Only one percent Percidine 2 and 4 V/V % in consumer dilution and 5 minutes exposure time failed to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa، Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter aeruginosa.

Chlorhexidine solution is one of the widely used mouth antiseptic liquid that prevents teeth tissue damage and also has application as a root canal antiseptic. In this study, cytotoxicity of 2% chlorhexidine solution is compared with another root canal antiseptic, calcium hydroxide powder. Cell cytotoxicity of both chemicals was assessed on cultured L929 fibroblastic cell line for 1,12, 24, 48 and 72 hours using MTT assay (Methyl tetrazolium bromide assay). Untreated L929 cells were used as a negative control group. MTT results were recorded by ELISA reader and analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical tests. Cytotoxicity of studied chemicals showed significant difference in various dilutions and times (1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h). The highest cytotoxic effect of 2% chlorhexidine solution was observed in concentration of 0.016% for 72 h. Treatment of cells with 0.016% of 2% chlorhexidine liquid and calcium hydroxide powder for 72 hours showed 80% and 45% cytotoxicity, respectively. Cytotoxicity of calcium hydroxide is significantly less than 2% chlorhexidine liquid and then application of calcium hydroxide powder as root canal antiseptic is recommended.

One of the major causes of increasing nosocomial infections is misusing disinfectants and antiseptics in hospitals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics using in injections and dressing wards, operation rooms and kitchen of Hamedan hospitals. In this study 742 samples were collected before and after disinfections from different parts of injection, dressing wards and operation rooms. Disinfectants and antiseptics that were used in different parts of wards were Halamide, Beh-Assa, Kereoeline, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Chlorhexidine, Hygiene, Savlone, Alcohol 70% and UV ray. The efficacy of disinfectants that were prepared in hospitals and medical microbiology laboratory of medicine faculty was evaluated. The efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics were tested on Staphylococcus and E. coli by disk diffusion method. Data was gathered through a questionnaire and analyzed using K2 and Mann-Whitney methods. From 742 samples, 308 positive cultures (41.6%) were detected. The frequency mean of the contamination before disinfection was 50.1% and after disinfection was 33.8%. From 308 positive cultures in two hospitals, 173 (56.2%) gram negative bacteria and 135 (43.8%) gram positive bacteria were isolated. The most effective disinfectants that were used in two hospitals were Glutaraldehyde 2%, Formaldehyde 8%, Chlorhexidine 1%, Savlone 3.2%. The lowest effective disinfectants were Beh-Assa 1%, Kereoeline 2.5%, and Alcohol 70%. The frequency mean of contamination before UV ray disinfection was 51.4% and after disinfection was 48.6%, which indicate no significant difference. Disinfectants and antiseptics that were prepared in hospitals and those that prepared in medical microbiology laboratory showed minor differences. In this study, the frequency mean of contamination before and after disinfections showed significant differences (P-value=0/001). So, the efficacy of disinfectants used in the two hospitals was satisfactory. However, disinfectants that were prepared in hospitals and those that prepared in medical microbiology laboratory showed minor differences. Therefore, it is suggested that the disinfectants and antiseptics which are used in hospitals should be prepared under supervision of hospital health experts.

Povidone Iodine and Cetrimide-c are important and valuable antiseptic compounds that have been used for many years, as disinfectant for wounds, burns, instruments and the environments such as surgical rooms in the hospitals. Recently, bacterial resistances to these antiseptics have been reported in multi-drugs resistance bacteria such as Enterococci, which are important causes of nosocomial infections. This study was done to confirm the antiseptic activity of these agents. In this study 5 isolates of Escherichia coli and 13 isolates of Enterococci being resistant or sensitive to at least 5 antibacterial agents, including vancomycin, isolated from urinary tract infections were used. The concentrations of 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:100, of povidon Iodoine, and 1:200 and 1: 500 for cetrimide-c were used. Concentrations of 5 ×107 and 1×107 CFU/ml (Colony Forming Unit) of the bacteria were tested at room temperature in the presence of Povidone-Iodine and Cetrimide-c for 2, 10, 30 minutes. After treatment of the bacteria with antibacterial agents the bacteria were washed three times with phosphate buffer in order to remove the small amounts of antibacterial agents that were present in the inoculums used for bacterial growth. The results shows that in all cases the bacteria which were in contact with the antiseptic agents were unable to grow on solid media, whereas the control bacteria which were not in contact with the antibacterial agents had complete growth on the solid medium. Since resistance to the above mentioned antiseptics were not detected at different concentrations of antibacterial agents and the bacterial suspensions, these agents can still be used in the hospitals and other clinical centers for the disinfection of the skin and contaminated instruments. However continuous monitoring of the antiseptic activity of these compounds is recommended.

The wide application of antibiotics and antiseptics for patient therapy and medical equipment and surfaces disinfection has resulted in the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are found as a part of the normal resident flora in human so that up to two-thirds of the healthy populations are permanently or transiently colonized by S. aureus and CoNS. Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic agent particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used for hygienic hand wash to prevent transmission of Staphylococci nosocomial infections. The plasmid-borne qacA/B, qacC, and smr genes confer resistance to cationic antiseptic agents in S. aureus and CoNS..
The objective of the current study was to characterize the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci (MSCoNS), and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS)..
In this study, the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to Chlorhexidine in 120 Staphylococcal strains were evaluated by disc diffusion and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) methods, respectively. The MICs of CHG were determined in triplicate by broth micro-dilution, and the presence of mecA, qacA/B, qacC, and smr genes was examined by PCR assay..
Of total 60 S. aureus isolates, 51 (85%) were MRSA, and of 60 CoNS, 7 (11.66%) were MRCoNS. The results showed that the MIC of Chlorhexidine for all 120 isolates was 1-16 μg/mL. 15 (12.5%) isolates carried qacA/B gene, 26 (21.7%) carried qacC gene, and 38 (31.7%) carried smr gene..
Maintenance of MRSA isolates in the attendance of low amounts of antiseptics could result in the decreased susceptibility to antiseptics..

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), which contain benzalkonium chloride as the most widely used agent, are employed as wound and skin antiseptics, as well as disinfectants in hospitals. The resistance mechanism to disinfectants is usually determine by genes which are related to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, namely, qacE, qacΔE1, qacΔE1 that are found in Gram-negative bacteria.. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of antiseptic resistance genes, qacE and qacΔE1, in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter bumanii.. In this study, 83 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 5 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from burn hospitals in Tehran and Isfahan provinces in 2010-2011, were tested by the PCR method.. Out of the 83 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 49 isolates (50%) had the qacE gene, and 76 isolates (91.5%) had the qacΔE1 gene. In addition, in 5 isolates of Acinetobacter bumanii, 2 isolates (40%) had the qacE gene, and 4 isolates (80%) had the qacΔE1 gene.. This study shows that the genes which harbored resistance to quaternary ammonium compound antiseptics are widespread among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter bumanii isolates in burn patients..

Preparing the skin for surgery with antiseptics is a standard measure to reduce surgical site infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of skin preparation at the surgical site with povidone-iodine 7.5% and povidone-iodine 10% antiseptics with chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine 10% on the microbial count.

This clinical trial study was performed on 80 patients with elective abdominal surgery. Patients were divided into two groups by simple random methods and proportional allocation of skin preparation with povidone-iodine 7.5% and 10% antiseptics or chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine 10% antiseptics. On the day of surgery, the culture sample was taken before the primary skin preparation, then the primary preparation was done with povidone-iodine 7.5% or chlorhexidine in alcohol, then the second culture was taken, the secondary skin preparation was done in both groups with povidone-iodine10% and then the third culture was taken. Specimens of cultures were taken on a blood agar plate and McConkey plate for the examination of microbial count and type, were immediately transferred to the laboratory.

The mean differences in microbial counts before and after skin preparation with povidone-iodine 7.5% and povidone-iodine 10% antiseptics were significant (P=0.001). Also, mean differences in microbial counts before preparation with after skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol antiseptics and povidone-iodine 10% were significant (P<0.001) and in general, both antiseptic groups significantly reduced microbial counts. In comparing the effect of the two groups on the mean microbial count, although the skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol and povidone-iodine 10% antiseptics was better than povidone-iodine 7.5% and povidone-iodine 10% antiseptics, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.324).

Both antiseptic groups were able to significantly reduce the mean microbial counts. Therefore, it is recommended that both antiseptic groups be used to prepare skin for surgery.

Iodine and Iodophore have been longley used as antiseptic to prevent infections with good efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to formulate new povidone iodine 7.5% antiseptic foam and evaluate its antibacterial effect. In this experimental study, in the first step, the effects of the foaming agents including Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Nonoxynol 9 were studied and then the effect of pH and different buffer formulations including citrate, phosphate citrate and phosphate buffers on the organoleptic properties and the amount of the free iodine were evaluated according to the USP 32 criteria. The effects of the emollient such as glycerin and glycerox HE were evaluated and the accelerated stability test was taken for optimum formulations. Finally, the antimicrobial effect of the proper formulation was evaluated. SLES 3% in Citrate buffer with the pH 3.5 showed the best results for the quality of the foam and glycerin 1% was selected as proper emollient agent in presence of poloxamer 407 as foam stabilizer. The stability test was done on the superior formula and it proved its antiseptic properties. The foam formulation contained povidone iodine 7.5%, SLES 3%, Poloxamer (407) 2%, citrate buffer and glycerin 1% has passed stability as well as and antimicrobial effects tests; therefore, it can be used as a new antiseptic product and an appropriate detergent to prevent spreading of infectious disease.