The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of D-aspartic acid on semen characteristics of Ross 308 roosters. Thirty 60-wk-old Ross 308 roosters were randomly assigned into 6 groups and individually caged. All groups fed the same basal diet and orally administered with different levels of D-aspartic acid: 0(A-0), 40 (A-40), 80 (A-80), 120 (A-120), 160 (A-160), and 200 (A-200) mg/Kg BW per day as a single capsulated dose. Seminal characteristics including ejaculate volume, motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration, abnormality, viability and hypo osmotic swimming test were studied following two weeks of adaptation period, and continued for up to six weeks. Results of the experiment revealed that D-Aspartic acid positively affected rooster sperm parameters with all parameters being significantly improved with increasing the level of D-aspartic acid except for abnormality percentage that was not significantly affected by the treatment (p>0.05). Taking all parameters into account, A-200 treatment exhibited the most optimal response in sperm parameters amongst all treatments. However, further studies including fertility and hatchability tests are needed to ascertain these results.

Electrochemical oxidation of catechol generates o-benzoquinone which acts as Michael acceptor and its reaction has been studied in the presence of different concentration of aspartic acid in aqueous solution with various pH values, different electrodes using cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential coulometry and differential pulse voltammetry. In this investigation aspartic acid behaves as a nucleophile and undergoes 1,4-Michael addition reaction with catechol. The participation of reaction of o-benzoquinone with aspartic acid at moderately higher concentration of nucleophiles in the second scan of potential was observed. The products synthesized from the reaction are assumed to be 2-((3,4dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)amino)succinic acid that undergo electron transfer at more negative potentials than the catechol’s. The effect of pH on catechol in presence of aspartic acid was studied by varying pH from 5 to 11. The concentration effect of nucleophiles with the fixed concentration of catechol (2 mM) was measured from 30 mM to 100 mM. The reaction was strongly influenced by the pH as well as concentration of aspartic acid. This nucleophilic addition reaction was mostly suitable in 70 mM of aspartic acid and 2 mM of catechol at pH 7. The behavior of the reaction was of ECE type followed by diffusion mechanism.

Among different plants products, apicultural products such as pollen grains are widely used as medicines and dietary supplements due to the presence of essential nutrients like amino acids, proteins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The amino acids in royal jelly (RJ) have a wide range of pharmacological and health-promoting functions in humans. The present study focuses on the determination of free amino acids (FAAs) in royal jelly, bee pollen and hydrolyzed bee pollen. The results obtained show that proline, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and β-Alanine were major free amino acids (FAAs) in RJ. It was found that eight free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, Alanine, proline, tyrosine, methionine, leucine and isoleucine were present in bee pollen. It was found that three free amino acids, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and proline were present in all samples studied. Among all samples, it was observed that bee pollen of hydrolyzed with alcalase had maximum number (22) of free amino acids. Apart from these, certain other amino acids were also present in the royal jelly, bee pollen and hydrolyzed bee pollen samples, which could not be identified from the standard amino acids and were categorized as unknown.

The fish gustatory system provides the final sensory evaluation in the feeding process. Free amino acids have a stimulating effect in the fish gustatory system. In this study, behavioral responses to taste in juveniles of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) to the granules contain a base concentration (0.001 mol) of the free amino acids, Aspartic acid, Histidine and Cysteine to study the effects of increasing temperature (28 °C, water of reproduction center, 30 and 32 ° C) in treatments 24, 48 and 96 hours were investigated. The results have shown results have shown that the taste response of juveniles of sturgeon to the granules contain different substances are very little different at three temperatures. All tested amino acids increased the average number of catching (extra oral preferences) as compared to control, but despite this increase, the amino acid aspartic acid treatment was significant compared with other treatments. The mean proportion consumption of pellets of % catching number (intra oral preferences), the highest proportion of aspartic acid treatment at 24 and 96 hours, a significant difference was observed (p˂0.05). The results this research showed that the taste preference to environmental factors such as small changes in water temperature resistant.

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of aspartic acid from sugar beet molasses using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method and its use as a green anti-scaling agent in the evaporator tubes of the sugar industry. The results of ultrasound-assisted extraction showed that the linear model is the best model to describe the behavior of aspartic acid extraction. It was determined that the optimal conditions for extracting aspartic acid using the ultrasound-assisted method include an extraction temperature of 25.09 °C, pH of 7.00, ultrasound power of 69.99%, and no ethanol. The extracted aspartic acid under optimal conditions was applied with various concentrations (10, 25, and 50 mg/100g) and temperatures (60, 90, and 120 °C) on the scales of the sugar industry evaporators. The highest anti-scaling efficiency for all three processes was related to the treatment performed at 90 °C with a concentration of 50 mg/100 g. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed that by increasing temperature up to 90 °C and increasing concentration up to 50 mg/100g, the scales formed on the evaporator tube changed from crystalline and uniform state to porous with fine particles. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed that by increasing the temperature to 90 °C and increasing the concentration to 50 mg/100g, the calcium and silica content in the scales of the evaporator tubes decreases. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that by applying aspartic acid as an anti-scaling of stable crystals, the scales become smaller and more unstable crystals.

In order to detect the probability of ACCase inhibitor herbicides target-site based resistance of 13 wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Deuri.) biotypes, molecular experiments were performed using CAPS and dCAPS methods. Biotypes were collected from khuzestan province and which showed cross-resitance to ACCase inhibitors. The above-mentioned molecular methods were used to identify the locations of four important mutations (Isoleucine-2041-Asparagine, Cystein-2088-Arginin, Isoleucine-1781-Leucine and Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine) responsible for target site based herbicide resistance in the carboxyltransferase domain of ACCase enzyme. Both approaches involve DNA extraction, PCR using specific primers and restriction digests of PCR products with restriction enzymes. Results of experiments showed that Isoleucine-1781-Leucine and Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine mutations were observed in 53.8% and 7.6% of resistant wild oat biotypes, respectively. Among the investigated biotypes, only one biotype had two mutations (Isoleucine -1781-Leucine and Aspartic acid-2078-Glycine). Thus, different mutations in the carboxyl transferase domain of ACCase enzyme were the reason of various cross resistance patterns among wild oat biotypes.

Free amino acids have a stimulatory effect on the taste system. The purpose of this study was to study of the behavioral responses of Blantiocheilos melanopterus to various concentrations of stimulant taste substances. Taste preferences of silver shark (Blantiocheilos melanopterus) 3/8±0/15g to granules containing differences amounts of amino acids were established. The granules containing different concentrations amino acids, and control (lacking amino acids) preparation, and behavioral responses to each granule were recorded. Highest palatability index, percentage of consumption and consumption/grasp, were observed at concentrations of 0.01M of Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid. In high concentration of substances decreased (p≥0.05). High correlation was between in percent consumption and palatability index (p≥0.05). Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid were highly attractive. Different behavioral responses in varied fish spaces to same amino acid, ascribed to highly species-specific in fish taste preferences.

The stratum corneum includes keratinocyte cells; this is the first defense layer which stands in the face of pathogenic microorganisms. Identifying the components of stratum corneum can provide plenty of information on its resistance against superficial infections. Stratum corneum contains higher amount of amino acids which most of them can serve as a source of nitrogen for the growth and colonization of dermathophytes. The objective behind this study is to investigate and compare the quantity of amino acids in dogs diagnosed with dermathophytosis and in healthy dogs. 30 dogs suspected lesions of dermatophytosis and 30 healthy dogs were used in this study. Skin scraping samples from 30 dogs with no obvious skin lesions and from 30 dogs suspected lesions of dermatophytosis were taken. Amino acids were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography in both groups. Between two groups, significant differences were found for the rate of aspartic acids, serine and asparagine amino acids. Aspartic acid seems to play inhibitory role in growth and colonization of dermathophytes in a way that less of it is found in infected dogs compared with healthy counterparts. It seems asparagine and serine has a stimulatory role in the growth and colonization of dermathophytes. The inhibitory properties of aspartic acids are suggested to be used in the manufacture of more effective antifungal agents especially for chronic type of dermatophytosis.

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aspartic acid by the bis(hydrogen periodato) complex of Cu(III), [Cu(HIO6)2]5-, is studied in an alkaline medium. The reaction rate is first order with respect to Cu(III) and fractional order with respect to aspartic acid. The value of the observed rate constant is found to decrease with the increase in concentrations of either OH- or IO4-. There is a positive salt effect, and the free radical has been determined. In view of these kinetics phenomena, a plausible mechanism is proposed and the rate equations derived from the mechanism can explain all experimental results. The activation parameters along with the rate constants of the rate-determining step are calculated.

Garlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis. Amino acids are essential nutrients for plant growth. Due to the characteristics of amino acids, they have a unique promotion effect on plant growth, especially on photosynthesis. Amino acids are good organic nitrogen sources in plant. They can be directly absorbed and utilized by cells, promote protein synthesis, and have a good effect on the growth. Spraying or irrigating amino acid nutrient liquid fertilizer can increase the element of various nutrients required in the plant, aggravate the accumulation of dry matter and the speed and quantity of the operation from the root or leaf to other parts, and adjust the proportion and balance of macroelement, trace element and other nutrients. Thus, the normal growth of the plant will be regulated. Many studies proved that amino acids play a positive role in enhancing the plant yield and quality when they are sprayed at different growth stages. This research was done to study effect of different amino acids compound on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic.

The experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2018-19 growing season. The experimental treatments included: 1) Arginine + Aspartic acid 2) Arginine + Valine 3) Arginine + Tyrosine 4) Arginine + Leucine 5) Aspartic acid + Valine 6) Aspartic acid + Tyrosine 7) Aspartic acid + Leucine 8) Valine + Tyrosine 9) Valine + Leucine 10) Tyrosine + Leucine 11) Trade amino acid 12) Distilled water 13) No amino acid (control).

The results showed that the maximum bulb fresh weight (13.054 t ha-1) and photosynthetic rate (10.58 µmol m-2s-1) was obtained from the aspartic acid + leucine. Also, the highest catalase activity was observed in the use of arginine with aspartic acid (9064 U mgFW-1), while the peroxidase activity was higher in the aspartic acid + valine (517 U mgFW-1), arginine + and tyrosine (511 U mgFW-1) and arginine + leucine (496 U mgFW-1) treatments.

In general, it seems that foliar spraying of amino acids increases the plant's energy efficiency (plant energy storage for the production of amino acids) and also increases the photosynthesis rate and thus helps the plant to increase the yield of the plant. Among the investigation of different combinations of amino acids, the combination of aspartic acid and leucine increased the performance more than other combinations and is introduced as the best treatment.