The spread of soil oil pollution in the present era due to the use of fossil fuels in industrial areas has adverse effects on human and the environment. In this study we identified native bacteria from oil-contaminated soils to be used to reduce hydrocarbon contaminants.
First, in order to identify and isolate native bacteria in the region, sampling of soils contaminated with petroleum compounds was done in six stations located in Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone. Bacterial growth was performed in neutrite broth liquid media. Neutrite agar medium was used to culture bacteria and achieve single colony in solid medium. DNA was extracted to identify bacterial species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured to estimate the conditions of the area according to the standard method.
The results of isolation and growth of bacteria and purification, and finally polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing indicated the presence of two bacterial species in six different stations with a similarity of more than 95% according to the global ranking. According to the results, the percentage of TPH removal in the field by Peseudomons Aeruginosa and Bacillus Nakamurai was 53.50% and, 33.05%, respectively.
Discussion and  Due to the ability of these species to remove TPH, they can be suggested as suitable native species for this region in the removal of contaminated soils.

Lack of oxygen and high salinity are factors that limit the biodegradation of the hydrocarbon. The electron accepters such as nitrate and salt tolerant bacteria can be used to increase the biodegradation rate in saline environment with low level of oxygen. In this paper, BTEX biodegradation by Bacillus thuringiensis andBacillus sp. is investigated in microaerophilic and saline environment under nitrate reducing condition. Firstly, the ability of the above- mentioned bacteria in BTEX biodegradation was confirmed. Then, the effect of Nitrate, BTEX concentration, salinity and cell mass on BTEX degradation was studied using Taguchi method and design expert software. The results of this study showed the ability of the Bacillus thuringiensis andBacillus sp. on BTEX degradation. For 200 mg/L BTEX concentration, the high efficiency of degradation by Bacillus thuringiensis andBacillus sp. could be achieved in optimum conditions; Nitrate Concentration (200 mg/L), salinity (1 and 5 %) and cell mass (1and 5×107 cell/ml) respectively.

Extensive quantities of keratinic by-products are disposed annually by animal-processing industry, causing a mounting ecological problem due to extreme resilience of these materials to enzymatic breakdown. There is a growing trend to apply cheap and environment-friendly methods to recycle keratinic wastes. Soil bacteria of profound keratinolytic potential, especially spore-forming rods from the genus Bacillus, play a significant role in keratinase-mediated biodegradation of keratins, therefore could be effective in hastening their biodegradation. Keratin hydrolysis in microbial cultures is one of the most promising techniques not only to utilize this protein but also to obtain valuable by products.. The study was undertaken to investigate the biodegradation process of various keratinic materials by two Bacillus strains.. Two keratinolytic strains, Bacillus cereus and B. polymyxa, were subject to cultures in the presence of several keratinic appendages, like chicken feathers, barbs and rachea of ostrich feathers, pig bristle, lamb wool, human hair and stratum corneum of epidermis, as main nutrient sources. Bacterial ability to decompose these waste materials was evaluated, at the background of keratinase and protease biosynthesis, in brief four-day cultures. Keratinolytic activity was measured on soluble keratin preparation and proteases were assayed on casein. Additionally, amounts of liberated proteins, amino acids and thiols were evaluated. Residual keratin weight was tested afterwards.. Both tested strains proved to be more adapted for fast biodegradation of feather β-keratins than hair-type α-keratins. B. cereus revealed its significant proteolytic potential, especially on whole chicken feathers (230 PU) and stratum corneum (180 PU), but also on separated barbs and rachea, which appeared to be moderate protease inducers. Keratinolytic activity of B. cereus was comparable on most substrates and maximum level obtained was 11 KU. B. polymyxa was found to be a better producer of keratinases, up to 32 KU on chicken feathers and 14 KU on both fractions of ostrich feathers. Its proteolytic activity was mostly revealed on stratum corneum and human hair. Stratum corneum was extensively degraded by both bacterial strains up to 99% - 87%, chicken feathers 47-56%, ostrich barbs and rachea, 28% and 35% at maximum, respectively. Keratin fibres of structures like human hair, lamb wool and pig bristle remained highly resilient to this short microbiological treatment, however certain extent of keratinase induction was also observed.. The obtained results prove that keratinolytic potential of both tested bacterial strains could be applied mainly in biodegradation of feathers, however, B. cereus and B. polymyxa differed in terms of keratinase and protease production on each of the substrates. Biodegradation of highly resilient structures like hair or pig bristle requires further analysis of process conditions..

Bacillus sp. SBS25, a gram positive bacteria isolated from soil was found to be effectivein the biodegradation of natural rubber latex. The products of latex biodegradation were separated from the ether extract by thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed the biodegradation of the major compound into three simpler fractions with low molecular weights. This was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. A single band in the control at 2856/cm got split into four subunits such as 2805.45, 2774.12, 2692.40 and 2602.50/cm possibly representing C-H- stretching, the formation of carboxylic acids and hydroxyl stretching respectively. Decrease in the total organic carbon of the medium, accumulation of lipids in the bacterial cell and formation of acids in the extract were also observed during the biodegradation of the natural rubber latex.

Water poluted with crude oil or oil materials are one of the life enviorenment.Bioremedation is a simple method and economical for cleaning poluted water.the aim of this survey is to check the degradation of crude oil power with separated Bacillus from crude oil in Isfahan oil refinery. For this purpose polluted water with crude oil is used in Isfahan oil refinery.choosing cases were cultured in the MSM medium and 10000 ppm oil are used in this as an only carbonated bacteries sources.this cultured medium was incubated in a shaker with 150 rpm and 35ₒ tempreture. For separating generating biosurfactant bacterias,checking hemolytic activity as the first norm of separating and isolating.for checking the strength of crude oil degradation purified three strains and this three strain, s consortium put IR (infrared rey) test and GC-MS(gas chromatography - spectrometry). Purified Bacillus are reganized with biochemical and molecular diagnostic methods. Among twelve strains separating,eight strains were been able to lysis sheep erythrocytes and make hemolysis halo on medium blood agar.strains that had hemolytic activity were choosen for later studying. Surface tension of three strains were acceptable.the consortium of this three strains was surveyed on Biosurfactant out put and purified three strains got numbers of 38,30,34 mN/m and consortium got 28 mN/m.when sequences above put in the BLAST program,the results showed similarity of 99.8 percent of separated bacterias with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Identified two Bacillus were only defferent in to six nucleotid. The surveys showed that consortium function in the biodegradation is more effective of Bacillus culture was alone,in fact consortium worked effectively in comparison with only Bacillus in the crude oil biodegradation on the polluted waters.

The novel bio-based additives synthesized in the present research were incorporated into LDPE, LDPE in about 1-5 wt % subsequently processed to produce films of 50 μ thickness. The bio-based additive such as cobalt ricinoleate (12-hydroxy) with acrylic dextrose (CRAD) additives was successfully synthesized and their performance on the photo and biodegradability of polyethylene films were studied under the influence of accelerated UV/sunlight. The changes in the structural of polymer due degradation were investigated by the FTIR. The percentage of biodegradation of the photodegraded film was analyzed by ASTMD 5338-98. The photodegraded film was subjected to biodegradation in the presence of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from a dump. The percentage of biodegradation is 30%.

The novel bio-based additives in the present research were incorporated into LDPE, LDPE in about 5 wt% subsequently processed to produce films of 50μ thickness. The bio-based additive such as acrylic dextrose (2.5%) /ground nut surface powder (2.5 %) (ADGN) additives were successfully mixed and their performance on the photo and biodegradability of polyethylene films were studied under the influence of accelerated UV/sunlight. The percentage of biodegradation of the photodegraded film was analyzed by ASTMD 5338-98. The photodegraded film was subjected to biodegradation in the presence of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from a dump. The percentage of biodegradation is 32%.

A bacterial culture was isolated from oil-contaminated soil based on its ability to metabolize the quinoline as the sole source of nitrogen. In this research Bacillus licheniformis strain was identified based on the result of 16S rRNA analysis. Optimized conditions were obtained with full factorial experimental design method using design expert software at temperature: 32oC, agitation speed: 200rpm, quinoline concentration: 400 ppm.The efficiency of Bacillus licheniformis for biodegradation of quinoline at the optimum conditions was determined to be 35%. Two-phase cultivation media were used with 5, 10, 15 and 20% heavy crude oil concentration in aqueous media. Resting cells of Bacillus licheniformis was shown to be capable of removing about 25% of total nitrogen in 5% heavy crude oil. GC analysis showed a decreasing trend in the activity of this strain against crude oil concentration

Oil-biodegradable bacterial strains were isolated, identified and characterized from oil contaminated soil samples from three oil refineries in Misan Province. Four bacterial isolates were characterized at biochemical levels by ordinary and standard bacteriological tests. The isolates were further identified by the Vitek-2 system. Three bacterial isolates (Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Novosphingobium subterraneum and Bacillus subtilis) were identified by universal primers and one bacterial isolate (Pseudomonas putida) by Pseudomonas sp. primer. The four bacterial isolates were grown on mineral salt media (MSM) supplemented with 0.5%  crude oil and incubated at three incubation periods (7, 14 and 21) days were showed positive biodegradation of crude oil. The results revealed that the higher percentageof the degradation rate of n-alkanes by Pseudomonas putida (84.21%) followed by Bacillus subtilis (83.39%), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (79.63%) and Novosphingobium subterraneum (78.18%), while the higher percentage of the degradation rate of PAHs occurred by Sphingomonas paucimobilis (93.39%) followed by Novosphingobium subterraneum (92%), Pseudomonas putida (88. 84%) and Bacillus subtilis (85.99%) at the end of the incubation periods (21 days).

One of the most important environmental pollutants is petroleum compounds that contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Petroleum pollutants affect the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and caused the adverse change in them. Petroleum pollutants contain heavy metals and hazard compounds and will have harmful effects on the ecosystems and organisms. Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the oil derivatives, which are generally caused by human activity and high stability, and have multiple side effects (carcinogenic and mutagenic). Anthracene, a combination of tricycles aromatic hydrocarbon and exist in contaminated areas. Anthracene is one among the 100 most toxic aromatic compounds and therefore reducing of Anthracene is important. Some of environmental bacteria are used from PAHs as a source of carbon and energy and convert it to the other compounds and final products of degradation are carbon dioxide and water. Anthracene due to low solubility in water less direct effect of land and microbial degradation of the biotic and abiotic conditions must be optimized for analysis to microbial degradation have the greatest efficiency. Bacillus is belonging to spore forming bacteria and able to grow in improper environmental conditions and different species of Bacillus are extensively used in biotechnology research, including the production of biological products and reduce environmental pollutants. In other hand, bacillus species are capable to grow in simple environments with minimal nutrient and therefore to reduce environmental pollutants.
Sampling was done from river estuary sediment and had cultured in Minimal Salt Medium (MSM). Bacillus Spp. was one of the isolated bacteria from river sediment that identified by molecular technique. In next step, influence of pH, temperature and concentration of anthracene were surveyed on anthracene biodegradation by Bacillus spp during zero, 24 and 48 hours.
The results showed that the optimized condition for biodegradation included pH= 7.5, 35◦C and 150 ppm of anthracene. Bacterial degradation of anthracene was increased with prolong of incubation time. Efficiency of bacillus sp for decomposition of anthracene was 42% during 48 hours.
As regards to high potential of bacillus and also its survival in improper condition (spore – forming bacterium) can be used as biological tools for degradation of anthracene in oil contaminated regions. This method is an eco friendly way for removal of petroleum based pollutants and used the biological factors so it doesn’t have a negative effect on the environment. This method is recommended to remediation of petroleum polluted environment.