In this study, we employ hedonic modeling to explain price of land, utilizing a unique dataset for Tehran. The dataset contains actual transaction records for Tehran's Zone 8 in 2010. Our results are consistent with the urban economic theories: Variables such as lot size, social status of neighborhood and permitted building volume have positive effects on the price of land, but the distance of land from places such as parks and highways has a negative effect on it. The parametric estimators are also compared to more flexible semi parametric estimators which do not improve the results.

The recent changes in the cities have made the public scene of the city and the sweetest memories of the people become unfamiliar spaces. The attachment to places in individuals creates the incentive to rehabilitate and rebuild everything from domestic and local environments. Feelings of affiliation and participation can provide a platform for participatory democracy and bring different economic and social plans in the local community with great success and improve quality of life. Most theorists agree that creating emotional links with the place is a prerequisite for psychological balance that is needed to overcome identity crises and can provide a context for people to engage in local activities. One of the elements that creates this emotional bond with the location in the city is the citizens’ attachment to residential neighborhoods.
The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of physical features on place attachment.This paper concerns the relationship between inhabitants and their neighborhood of residence in the place attachment as a significant current psychology project, refers to Forming emotional bonds.
Joolan neighborhood is one of the historic sites of the old city of Hamedan, which has a special character in the organic texture of the city of Hamedan, and the existence of some historic houses has a value belonging to the famous Hamedanians strata and some historic elements that are witness to its historical identity. However, over the past decades, due to exhaustion and some rival urban development policies, the main inhabitants of the region have been displaced largely to migrants from surrounding villages and vulnerable strata, and to various social anomalies. That’s why each day the volume and depth of burns were added. Currently, the neighborhood is divided into two sections by the newly-changed street, with the northern part of the neighborhood having a new texture as a result of renovation and improvement measures undertaken in recent years, while the southern part has remained almost intact and has maintained its traditional texture.
This research has been done for measuring effective physical components on neighborhood attachment in two parts of a residential neighborhood context (traditional and new), on the basis of indexes of perceived residential environment quality (PREQ) in one of the traditional neighborhoods in Hamedan, Joolan. Considering that the purpose of this study is to investigate the physical elements affecting the attachment of the residents of the neighborhood and to compare these elements in the new and old textures of a neighborhood, the functional aspects in both of the contexts are constant and therefore, and are not measured. For this purpose, a trained interviewer, in places of the neighborhood (such as shops, parks, mosques, etc.) requested those who would like to participate in this study to complete the questionnaire. The research method of this study is quantitative and based on data gathering techniques including interviews, observation, questionnaires and documents and case study type (Joolan neighborhood). To collect data, a library and survey method and analysis of SPSS software, multiple linear regression, t-test and one-way ANOVA have been used. So, in the end, this research can measure the attachment to the location in the sample neighborhood (in two parts of the old and new) based on the criteria and based on the perceptions of the quality of the residential environment. Then, a sample of 354 persons of neighborhood residents was selected as half of them lived in traditional context (Physic) and the others were in new neighborhood context (modern apartment). They were asked to fill out a questionnaire consist of questions about nine indexes (physical and social) out of PREQ indexes, and one place attachment index (NA). In order to obtain the status of criteria in a total of 9 main factors of the research, 23 multi-criteria questionnaires were prepared in the form of a questionnaire, and then, using a 5-point Likert scale (totally agree to completely disagree). Findings show that building volume in old part has the most effect on place attachment in terms of physical dimension. External accessibility, building aesthetic, building density and green space indexes come as next priorities respectively. This is while, in new part of the neighborhood these priorities come as followed respectively: External accessibility, building density, internal accessibility, building aesthetic, building volume and green space.
Considering that, this study was conducted on a neighborhood in its two old and new sections, the role of functional and field indicators that are relatively similar at the neighborhood level has not been studied. Subsequent studies can compare all proven criteria of PREQ and NA in separate segments that are generally different from the old and the new ones

Many cities in the world are involved with air pollution and environmental pollution. The consumption of fossil fuels in buildings has an enormous impact on the pollution. About 40% of the total energy is spent on heating, cooling and lighting of buildings. The use of solar energy is one of the ways that reduce the thermal load of buildings. One of the factors that affect this utilization is the ratio of the height of the building to its side street width or sky view factor (SVF). By increasing this ratio, the possibility of using solar energy decreases and this possibility increases by decreasing the ratio. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the criteria of the detailed plan of Hamadan regarding the method of determining the height of buildings in terms of their use of solar energy and determining the quality rating of the buildings with different latitudes of solar energy. Based on Hamedan's detailed plan, the fourteen main options, along with the subset modes, each of which totally comprise eighteen modes, were analyzed in four effective indicators of energy consumption in buildings based on Tapsis method for North and South buildings. these indicators include the average angle of view of the barriers to solar radiation outside the outer shell, the ratio of the total surface of the shell exposed to outdoor to the total building volume, the ratio of the surface of the ceiling to the total surface of the outer shell on the south face, and the ratio of the thermal bridges in the facade to the total surface is the outer shell of the building. The results show that, generally, southern buildings in narrow dtreet, and northern buildings in widespread street have a better use of solar energy than other ones. According to the results, among the northern buildings, the buildings located in side of the 75-meter streets have the best Productivity and the buildings located in side of the 10-meter streets with over 220 square meters area are the most inefficient. Among the southern buildings, the buildings located in side of the 4-meter streets have the best Productivity and buildings located in side of the 30-meter streets with less than 300 square meters are the most inefficient.

Todays, excessive consumption of energy is a critical issue for communities. About 40% of energy that used by people is consumed in buildings. Therefore, buildings could be the greatest threat for energy resources. So, architectures play an important role in the decrease of this threat. Unfortunately, energy consumption is increasing in undeveloped countries such as Iran. Daylight utilization in buildings is appropriate not only for considering aesthetic and behavioral aspects of users, but also for preventing energy shortage as well as to reach sustainability goals. Necessity of this study can be stated as follows: emerging of global energy crisis, important influence of lighting in increasing of efficiency of studying and design of dysfunctional buildings in lighting field in Iran. This paper examines different methods of lighting design in terms of the following aspects in order to provide a design framework for lighting in a library. 1. Situation of building in site, considering overshadowing of adjacent buildings and surveying of sunlight paths in the region 2. Buildings volume, including aggregation, porosity and geometrical traits of the buildings in the region 3. Ways of entrance of daylight, this comprises two principle ways off, pass-through component and conduction component. The recent component includes two types of intermediate space and interior light space. 4. Promoting systems of day lighting quality, including solar shelter, transmission, and dispensation that the latter case is divided into light shelf, mirror louvre, prismatic glazing, and prismatic film. This framework intends to achieve the maximum daylight utilization in each stage of design activities. For grasp this purpose after examination various methods, we develop an instruction for designing of lighting in a library. In this project, a library is designed with utilization of the described instruction and with attention to conditions and needs of selective functions in Tehran. In our plan, a lighting system has been designed in roof of study hall of the library that is adjusted with the sun path. This design increases the time period of daylight utilization. This system includes 120 mirrors on the roof of atrium of study hall that are changed their orientations coordinately with sun path. Further, there are suspended reflectors under the roof that receive sun rays from those mirrors and reflect to light shelves that are contrived under roof of floors bordering the atrium. Then reflected light from light shelf penetrates depth space of floors and causes quality of lighting entrance. In this design, we increase possibility of utilization of northern and southern daylight as a result of shaping linear volume and make open space in building that contain court yard and atrium. Our design also promotes quality of interior lighting with preventing direct sunlight from penetrating to indoor. For achievement to this aim, projection of building in southern façade and design of light shelves were very effective. We try to enhance quantity and quality of day light in interior spaces of building. We are hopeful that our design instruction can be a practical framework for other designs in natural lighting field.

City is a living, dynamic being evolving over time in the context of physical and anthropogenic components and complex relationships between them. It is the reflection of the role and attitude of man-kind influenced by social, economic, political, cultural and geographical factors and conditions. Increased population and density in urban areas have far-reaching consequences, such as increased consumption of natural resources, land-use changes, climate change, and disruptions in the exchange of material and energy. Consequently, cities face many issues and problems, the most important of which are issues related to urban design. These include poor ventilation, high heat load, air pollution caused by the physical characteristics of cities, and insufficient attention to the capabilities, natural characteristics and climate of the region and the city.

The present study seeks to prepare an urban climate analysis map to study and analyze spatial and climatic information collected from Tehran. Urban Climate Map (UCMap) is an information-based and analytical tool that combines factors of urban climate with urban planning factors and some environmental conditions to provide an image of urban climate issues in a two-dimensional environment. Urban climate map consists of an urban climate analysis maps (UCAnMap) and an urban climate recommendation map (UCReMap). Urban climate analysis maps apply various spatial information layers of heat load maps such as building volume, urban topography and green space along with layers of land cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces in dynamic capacity maps. The proposed model is generally based on the evaluation and analysis of variables affecting climatic conditions. Based on six layers of building volume, land cover, topography, proximity to open spaces, green space, and natural landscape, maps were prepared in Arc/GIS10.4.1 environment for Tehran urban area. To eliminate the unit and reach comparability and overlap, the layers were standardized and used to prepare maps of ambient heat load and dynamic capacity.

Three layers of building volume, topography, and green space were weighted and combined to create a heat load map. The other three layers of land cover, natural landscape, and proximity to open spaces were also combined to create a dynamic capacity map. Afterwards, these two maps were combined to create an UCAnMap. The resulting map was close to the on the ground realities. For example, building volume has a negative effect and increases heat load in urban areas. On the other hands, green space reduces heat load and has a positive effect. The central and southwestern parts of the city have a high heat load and core areas of the urban heat island have been calculated and obtained in these areas. The resulting map was classified into 8 categories to create urban climate analysis map of Tehran.

Results indicated that 59% of the urban area in Tehran, mostly located in the northern part of the city, has a good cooling and ventilation condition while 19% of the study area, mainly in the central, southern, and southwestern parts, faces heat stress and lacks an appropriate air ventilation condition. 22% of the study area, scattered all over the city but mostly located in the northern, western and eastern parts, faces an intermediate condition. According to the calculated heat load map, the central, southern, and western parts (in region 21) of the study area face a high and unfavorable ambient heat load. And many parts of the 4th, 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 22nd urban districts are characterized with low ambient heat load and favorable climatic conditions.

This study examines the effect of geometrical indices of a street (Orientation and H/W) on the buildings` direct solar access on an urban scale, which its results can be used by urban planners in designing new neighbourhoods and redeveloping old ones in developing cities. In cold climates, the access of buildings to sunlight due to the street geometry index is necessary to reduce the heating load and affects the thermal performance of buildings. This index (height to width ratio (H/W) and orientation) directly affects the absorption and emission of urban sunlight and changes in them can affect the amount of solar radiation absorption of the building.This study aims to investigate the amount of the buildings` solar has gained in the cold climate of Hamedan. The research method is quantitative and based on numerical data of simulating solar radiation and the geometry of the urban texture of Hamedan. Data analysis was conducted by statistical analysis of box diagram, correlation coefficient, and reference model. First, to examine the effect of street width index, fixed height, and variable street width (6 to 36 meters) and then to examine the height index, fixed street width and variable height (3 to 9 floors) were considered in the modelling. The findings reveal that east-west oriented buildings have the highest solar gain of 17.9% in the winter, and nearly 60% of the streets in the new urban texture of Hamedan are placed in the non-optimal orientation.The average solar gain in northern blocks is more than in southern blocks and streets; with a lower H/W index this gain increases indicating a reverse and intensive correlation. Index H/W compared to orientation has the greatest effect on a solar gain on the building located alongside streets.  In shallow geometrical valleys, the temperature from radiation is higher than in deep valleys and as the H/W index rises, i.e., as the street becomes narrower, the direct solar gain decreases. In southern blocks, due to a deep valley in the yard, most of the south façade of a building in the winter is always in the shade of building volumes and absorbs little solar radiation. In this state, the greatest amount of absorption is reflective and scattered. Therefore, increasing the depth of the yard in these blocks to absorb more sunlight was studied in our recommended pattern. From the measured indices in this study, the H/W index has the greatest impact on solar gain for buildings located alongside streets. This index has a 123% higher influence compared to the orientation index on absorbing radiation and is of more importance. In Hamedan, regarding the H/W index, a twelve-meter street has the least absorption, thirty-five-meter, and seventy-five-meter streets have the most absorption in the winter. In our recommended patter, increasing the depth of the yard and using vertical shades for windows leads to a 2.7% and 25.8% rise in solar gain for northern and southern blocks, respectively. This pattern reduces 11.7% and 4.94% of absorption for the mentioned blocks in the summer.

This research aims to answer this question: From the residents’ point of view, what is the beauty and desirability of the form and appearance of urban masses and buildings and their composition? What standards and values are considered for the designers and builders of today’s buildings, which are embodied in the current masses and building forms? Accordingly, this research explores relevant theoretical texts and objective and subjective issues of residents living in District 2 of Tehran. The origin of beauty and aesthetic perception is often defined between the two concepts of objectivism and subjectivism. However, newer philosophical analyzes that adopt an interactive perspective believe that the sense of beauty originates from the patterns that connect people and things. In fact, a reasonable (and usual) solution to the objective-subjective controversy in the evaluation of aesthetic quality acknowledges that aesthetic quality is the joint product of observable characteristics that interact with psychological processes in the human observer. With the flourishing of aesthetic perceptual research and the publication of their results, the differences between the previous evaluations of beauty and these studies became clear. They prompted researchers to look into these differences more.

In the literature review, descriptive and bibliographic methods have been used to progress the research. For the contextual studies, a type of qualitative research method called Grounded Theory Method, which is based on interpretation analysis, has been chosen. Finally, the comparative method (comparison and evaluation between the results of theoretical and contextual studies) has been used to analyze and present the results of the article. The grounded Theory Method applies interpretation in order to discover concepts and relationships between primary data and to organize them in the form of a theoretical explanatory plan. In the present research, the mentioned method has been used to reach the type of view and mental frameworks of the citizens of District 2 of Tehran in relation to urban building and mass aesthetics. 

Based on the findings of the research, in the context of irresponsible urban management, ambiguity in the demands of the residents between the new and the past, and the change of conditions and demands over time has created some issues. These issues are classified as conditional categories: “Speculative urban management”, “Wandering between urban fabric protection or change”, and “Instability of residents’ demands and conditions”. In addition, the residents of District 2 of Tehran, in relation to the visual aesthetics of their living environment, believe in “visual irregularities and deterioration” (related to shape combinations) and “lack of open space and increased density” (related to the combination of masses and spaces) which are classified as interactive categories. The interviews affirm that the interactions and processes experienced by the residents have led to consequential categories such as “forgetting the presence of the living environment” and “disconnecting with the living environment”. Accordingly, sub-categories such as distortion of memories and nostalgia can distort the future image and peace of mind, invigorate a sense of indifference towards the living environment, and lead to the thought of migration. They were the guides for the formation of the two main consequences mentioned in this research. Also, an important point emerging from the comparative evaluation between theoretical and contextual studies is the concepts that have been focused on in these two categories of studies are quite common. The concepts mentioned in both categories almost cover each other. But what happened in District 2 of Tehran is actually the opposite of what was desirable. In other words, while the principles and criteria derived from theoretical studies were considered to achieve a pleasant and beautiful physical-visual combination, the results obtained from contextual studies reveal an absence and lack of attention to aesthetic criteria in the formation of mass and building volumes in District 2 of Tehran. 

According to the conducted investigations and the obtained results, it is possible to determine a physical-visual aesthetic theory with two aspects: content and procedural. The content aspect of this theory is related to the principles and criteria that shape building volumes and masses, which are the same physical-visual components or forces and are compatible with interactive categories obtained from contextual studies. Its procedural aspect is discussed in relation to the conditions and context of the formation of building volumes and masses, which are non-physical components and forces and are consistent with the conditional categories obtained from contextual studies. The absence and lack of attention to physical aesthetic criteria in the formation of building masses and volumes in District 2 of Tehran can be caused by the fact that the designers or constructors not only look at the building differently from the aesthetics experts, but also they have taken an almost opposite path to the theoretical criteria. Based on this, residents and users of the environment have an ugly and undesirable visual perception. The difference in the views of these two groups can be a confirmation of the existence and influence of external forces affecting the formation of building masses. In this context, the land price and its related components are the main factors affecting the appearance of buildings. In addition, the type of choice, approach, and taste of designers, contractors, or builders can be another non-physical component affecting the formation of aesthetic judgments resulting from the analysis and comparison of physical-visual components. The mentioned components, in the lack or shortage of appropriate legal controls and lack of specialized education related to contextual architecture and urban planning, can play a very effective role in the urban visual composition and cause a large gap between the desired and existing situation regarding physical-visual aesthetics in the building masses.

Following figures, buildings are the second most efficacious visual element in Persian painting. Even in the oldest paintings in which landscape was not expressive of the space, there used to be a building to organize the space in three dimensions. In the historical path of Persian painting, buildings had this role in all periods because Iranian artists used to illustrate stories in some of which a building, such as a royal palace, garden, fortress, castle, an alcove, or aula was a location of the fictional events.
In Persian painting, buildings are not only locations in which the stories take place, but they also narrate the unwritten parts of stories or as Stephen G. Nicholas (1989) argues, they uncover “textual unconscious”. Having some features such as being crowded or vacant, having one or multi floors, and simple or complicated plans, buildings can inspire viewers with different perceptions of spatial structure, some of which do not proceed with the written texts.
Based on the three-dimensional Cartesian coordination system, representation of buildings can expand the picture space along the three dimensions. It increases the height by depicting multiple floors. It opens the field of view through arrangement of the rooms and halls side by side, and enlarges the width of the scene, as well. In addition, it develops depth of the scene by placing the represented figures inside and outside the buildings. By doing so, several picture planes are formed in the scene; so a viewer understands the depth clearly.
While representation of buildings provides many visual facilities for painters, it also troubles them in case of displaying the 3rd dimension on the sheet. Since a building is a hollow and polyhedron geometric volume (especially cubes or cuboids), and since it needed to be displayed on the two-dimensional paper, painters were in need of applying some methods to create visual errors for the viewers, so that they could perceive the third dimension. Persian painters used to untangle the troubles of these methods since the medieval era.
This research, based on the idea about buildings’ roles and visual facilities, probes the functions and consequences of representations of buildings in Persian paintings, and shows how Iranian painters used to fabricate the illusive 3rd dimension to place the visual elements on three axes: height, width, and depth. Although some scholiasts believe that Persian painting is a two-dimensional art and Persian painters used to avoid displaying perspective deliberately, scrutiny of master artworks reveal Persian painters’ endeavor to display picture space, especially the 3rd dimension. As it were, same as we know about efficiency of three-dimensional representations based on the coordination system, Persian painters were experienced in efficiency of the buildings’ representation to expand the three-dimensional space. Clearly, it does not mean that Persian artists used to adopt Cartesian coordination system to organize the picture space. However, it can be argued that they could understand it either intuitively or based on their contemporary scientific achievements.
As it has been mentioned before, Persian painters, similar to the renaissance guild mates, used various methods to display the picture space; these methods were not the same as those used by the renaissance artists. This difference should not cause modern viewers to assume that Persian painting was two-dimensional art. Persian painters never established the vanishing point. Therefore, the modern viewers fail to perceive a three-dimensional space in Persian painting. As a result of this many questions emerged, some of which arise from the fact that modern art researchers have neglected to compile the history of Persian painting’s evolutions of methods and techniques, especially about picture space. The present research tries to address some of these questions that are listed below.

When did the first attempts of displaying the picture space take place in Persian Painting and which manuscripts contain them?
What were the roles of different Persian painting schools in legislating, changing, and confirming the rule of representation of the picture space?
What were the main challenges in establishing the methods of displaying the three-dimensional space?
What visual facilities were produced as a result of the establishment of these methods?

To shed light on Persian painting’s rules and styles in representing the picture space and to answer these questions, I analyzed around 100 illustrated Persian manuscripts, created between 12th to 16th centuries and selected more than 400 paintings each including a building (e.g., a castle, palace, mosque, etc.). To analyze the picture space in these paintings, I focused on the expansion of the space along height, width, and depth, based on which I answered the research questions. The results of this research are as follows:
The Expansion of Height: Displaying multistorey buildings is one of the most reputed methods to expand the height. Persian painters used to draw a two/three-storey building for this purpose and sometimes break the picture frame to continue the picture, especially since Ilkhanid era onwards. By doing so, the view could be stretched to the top of the paper, and beyond the frame.

In addition to the expansion of height, multistorey buildings had other functions in Persian painting. Two of the most frequent functions are inspiring symbolic concepts and presenting inverted height. In some paintings, dating back to the 15th century, several angels can be seen on roof-tops and other creatures arranged on the lower floors. Based on the verses surrounding these painting, viewers could recognize this arrangement as a symbolic representation of the chain of beings. Similarly, some multistorey buildings in the 15th-16th century paintings do not represent height. Buildings in these paintings which have been drawn based on the plans of the old hammams (bath houses), were arranged vertically in a way that the top floor (i.e., an apodyterium) represented the proceeding room and the entrance to the building. In this type of arrangement, drawing one room (i.e., a tepidarium) under the other does not represent a basement, but a sequential order. Therefore, in these paintings two-storey buildings do not show a real height.

The Expansion of Width: Since pre-Mongol period, to give viewers a sense of width, Persian painters used to display several rooms side by side. Other innovative methods were added/created during the following eras. One of the most creative methods was placing a building at the far right/left side of the picture frame, as if the picture frame was interrupting the continuation of the sight and preventing the viewer from seeing the rest of the building. This way, the width of scene could be recognized wider than what the painter actually had drawn on the sheet.
The Expansion of the Depth: Persian artists used to display the depth of scene based of two principles in painting that are as follows:Arranging Picture Planes: The oldest illustrated manuscripts reveal that their painters knew organizing picture planes and adjusting the distance between them will display the depth clearly. Having multiple sides (i.e., outside/inside and back/front), buildings provided great opportunities for the creation of depth. By placing some figures behind a window, through which those people looked at the main scene, Persian artists could communicate a sense of depth to their viewers.
Representation of a Building's Volume: Persian artists, especially since Ilkhanid period, started the first efforts to draw a three-dimensional building. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Persian painters gradually overcame difficulties in displaying buildings’ volumes. The most important achievements and methods in this path are as follows:

Lateral, vertical or climbing staggering;
Multidirectional walls;
Interior space of buildings;
Hexagonal and octagonal plans;
Trapezoidal façades inside the buildings;
Separated interior space created by non-load bearing walls;
A combination of all methods.

1.Introduction consumption of several fossil fuels lead to increased pollutants like CO2. House buildings are high consuming subscribers and around one third of national energy is consumed by them. The Iranian architecture with several territorial areas in different seasons has invented and offered rational ways to provide welfare condition of human being. Since regress to the past building methods is not easy and certainly is not accountable for our present life condition, research on the field of designing according to territory by inactive method seems necessary. The main purpose and trend of in designing compatible to territory is the least use of mechanical systems and decrease energy consumption for heating, chilling and the most use of radiation energy. One of the ways of decreasing energy use in this climate condition is to increase absorption of radiation energy through the transparent level of the external cover in the south façade in the cold season. The windows provide the facility of receiving free solar energy and improve the condition of heat and visual welfare for the habitants of the building. Regarding the common technologies in country building industry there is need to understand optimal ratio of window to the wall. In this study considering the existing statistics about the residential units and rate of population, the necessity of identifying several types of residential common buildings and their relative aggregate have been considered and will be examined. Computer simulation and field survey have been the main trend of this study. The software of Design Builder calculates the energy consumption rate using the calculation motor Energy Plus. 2. Methodology This research has been carried out based on library and field studies and from the commercial software of radiant energy have been used to obtain the result. Case study is Tehran residential common buildings that according to the descriptive design of 2012 is considered as 5floor buildings. To calculate the types, field observations and air maps of google earth have been used and by applying the theory of theoretical saturation and comparative adaptation it has been developed. The residential width that is the problem of the present research includes the main application in Tehran. In field calculation of descriptive design of Tehran in 2012, of 997 residential application, the average aggregate with 403 number has allocated the most number to itself. Based on this modeling of the research with 5 floor aggregate has been considered. Also in this research to recognize compactness of building volume, relative aggregate index has been used. The studies carried out in the field of identifying lack of knowledge shows that the rate of RC is optimal and morphology based on it is a basic step in guiding general form especially guiding architecture design based on it. The most compactness of volumes is the geometric shape of sphere with RC equals to 1. As most of the buildings are orthogonal polyhedral, square shape has been the work base which relative aggregate of the established morphologies is calculated with the following formula. The geometry compactness and relative compactness has come to this conclusion that RC is the most influential concept on energy efficacy. In this regard, energy efficacy will be interpretable that the equation 1 for this RC:6.V0.66.A-1 3. Modeling As the maximum height of residential buildings in Tehran is usually up to 5 floors, the height is divided into 5 parts and in proportion to Tehran lands, the length 6 parts and width 4 parts are also selected. In this article, in order to calculate heat load the software of design builder has been used that by inputting climate data in each hour for every territory, the needed heating load is estimated. In order to estimate the effect of architecture design and the elements used in the building on the demand rate to heating energy, an apartment with 5 one unit floors in Tehran has been selected and the rate of needed heating energy has been calculated through modeling in software of design builder. the ratio of window to the wall introduced in 10 types in 3 different states of 10, 25, 40 percent has been modeled in software of design builder. In the following, the optimal states of heating load regarding the ratio of opining to the wall in different types will be calculated and analyzed. 4. Discussion and result analysis One of the influential factors in the building sector in increasing pollutant Co2 is increasing energy consumption and as the most energy loss in the building occurs through external facades, the necessity of considering to this façade makes sense. As in climate condition of Tehran in cold months of the year, the rate of energy consumption in order to supply the temperature of heating welfare increases, so the necessity of considering heat load in these months increases. Modeling in 10 types and three states of window to wall ratio leaded to the analysis of 30 types ,and for heating load and Co2 emission characters in the software of design builder, that were evaluated in 6 cold months in Tehran. heating Figure 2 shows the graph of 10 building types and the rate of heat load and Figure 3 shows the graph of 10 building types and the rate of Co2 emission in 6 cold months of the year by the ratio of 10%, 25%, 40% window to the wall. (figure2,3). In all the graphs, in the months January and February the most heating load and Co2 emission and in the months of November and April the least heating load and Co2 emission are observed. In the graph of heating load and Co2 emission with WWR=10,25,40 the type of 4 has the least heating load and Co2 emission in average of cold months in Tehran. The type of 7 with WWR=10 and the types of 6 and 10 with WWR=25,40 have the most heating load and Co2 emission in average of cold months in Tehran. 5. Conclusion Regarding that the increase of heating load leads to increase of energy consumption and the increase of energy consumption leads to more pollution, in the present study that has been carried out on 10fold types for Tehran residential buildings, the following results have been obtained: 1. By focusing on the graphs of heating load and Co2 emission, altogether more heating load increase Co2 emission increase more and more heating load decrease Co2 emission decrease more. 2. As increasing wondow to wall ratio (from 10 to 40%), heating load and Co2 emission decrease. 3. In general, as the relative compactness of building increases, its heating load and Co2 emission decrease. Finally, it was observed that though in general the rate of WWR 40%, the best result is obtained in the rate of heating load and as a result the rate of pollution caused from heating in cold season, but to reach to more exact result it could consider the factors like orientation and self-shadowing in order to decrease heating load and as a result lowering the rate of pollution caused from heating in winter season.

In recent years, optimizing the energy consumption of buildings has become one of the important environmental and economic goals in sustainable architecture and urban planning. A group of factors affecting the energy consumption of buildings is their physical characteristics and form. In this regard, in the present research, the effect of volumetric porosity in high-rise buildings on their energy consumption has been investigated. The purpose of this research is to explain the correlation between the volumetric porosity of a building, as an independent variable, and its cooling and heating load, as a dependent variable, in a high-rise residential complex in Tehran. In this regard, first, a modular-generative model has been created in the Grasshopper plugin of Rhino software, which can create a porosity of 0 to 50% parametrically. Then, the cooling and heating load of each of the produced models in the city of Tehran and on the June 21 (summer solstice) and December 21 (winter solstice) were calculated using the Honeybee plugin, with standard settings. The data obtained from the simulation were entered into the SPSS software environment and the correlation test of the percentage of volume porosity and energy consumption was performed on the two aforementioned dates in Tehran. In order to validate the research method, this process was performed in 3 other climatic zones of Iran and the findings were compared with other studies in this field. The results of this research showed that the increase in porosity, assuming the number of modules is kept constant (the total volume of the building remains constant) and the site coverage ratio - as is common and inevitable in high-rise buildings - have a significant positive correlation with increased energy consumption in high-rise residential buildings in Tehran.