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Background & Managing the challenges of virtual teams has become an important issue in today's global and technological work environment. Virtual teams are groups of people who collaborate remotely, often spanning different locations, time zones, and even cultures. While virtual teams provide many benefits, such as increased flexibility and access to a diverse talent pool, they also come with challenges. They are also unique. Based on this, in the present research, the design of the model of challenges of virtual teams in the organization is discussed with a qualitative approach.
This research has an exploratory nature in terms of its purpose, in terms of type, it is applied, and in terms of methodology, it is a qualitative study with a theme analysis approach. The statistical population of the research included eighteen experts who were selected in a targeted way. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. After conducting the interview, semantic expressions were extracted and then using the open coding method, the challenges of the virtual teams were compiled from these semantic expressions.
Based on the analysis of research data, the challenges of virtual teams in 5 areas of communication challenges (human communication problems, communication process problems, communication structural problems and transparency in communication), operational process challenges (feedback problems, time management challenges, management functional challenges, challenges of transparency in the management structure and challenges of team cohesion), challenges of human resources management (motivational challenges, cultural challenges and challenges of awareness and training), security challenges (challenges of security weaknesses and threats to the security of cyber space) and challenges of technology and technical infrastructure (challenges technology and technical infrastructure) were classified.
Based on the final model, virtual teams face various challenges. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for effective strategies in managing technology, strengthening communication skills, and creating an environment based on trust. Using the right digital tools and strengthening cross-cultural collaboration can help improve the performance and cohesion of virtual teams.

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This research aims to identify the challenges of sustainable tourism development in Kerman province. Tourism as a multidimensional phenomenon has been growing steadily and increasingly. Kerman is the largest province of Iran with its diverse climate and attractions and has many advantages in the field of tourism. In this research, using themathic analysis method, through semi-organized interviews with academic experts and private sector activists and interviews of executives reflected in the media, an attempt has been made to identify the challenges of sustainable tourism development. The result of the open coding stage is the identification of 85 challenges for the development of sustainable tourism in Kerman province. In the next step, the concepts are categorized into eight themes. These themes are: 1) Policy and planning challenges 2) Management and administrative challenges 3) Transportation and communication challenges 4) Hotel and accommodation challenges 5) Advertising and information challenges 6) challenges of Infrastructure Welfare and recreational facilities 7) Challenges of education and tourist guidance 8) Environmental challenges. Each of this themes includes challenges that are conceptually related to each other and explain a specific dimension of sustainable tourism in Kerman province.

Introduction and The World Health Organizatoin Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Diseases Interventions is a prioritized set of costeffective interventions that can provide quality care even in the low-resource settings. The present study aimed to determine the challenges of implementing this package in Iran’s healthcare system.
This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis approach in 2015. The data were collected by holding two focus group discussions and six depth interviews with the participation of 18 experts. Following the transcription of the interviews, the data were analyzed through content analysis method.
The findings were categorized into nine main themes, including: management challenges, organizational challenges, functional challenges, intelligence challenges, political challenges, demographic challenges, economic challenges, cultural challenges, and educational challenges, out of which 19 subthemes were derived.
Due to the multiple challenges of implementing the PEN Diseases Interventions, effective and sustainable management, restructuring the health system, cooperation with other departments, and training can eliminate the defects and accelerate the implementation of the protocol.

Today, one of the most important human challenges is to achieve food security around the world, a concept that means safe, nutritious and adequate food for all. The main objective of this study was to investigate food insecurity challenges among rural households in Bushehr Province. Statistical population was total rural households from two towns of Dashtestan and Tangestan in 2020. Sample size was calculated 380 by Krejcie and Morgan table. Main instrument of the study was a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were proved by a panel of experts and Cronbach Alpha coefficient respectively. The results of groping rural households indicated that more than 60% of them have food insecurity. In addition, results showed that the most important challenges of food security in rural households of Bushehr Province include “food price increase” and “weakness of agricultural supportive system.” Also based on the results of factor analysis, challenges of food security are categorized in 7 factors include agricultural and environmental challenges, supportive and economical challenges, marketing challenges, professional and cultural challenges, social challenges, technological challenges and climate challenges that totally explained 62% of total factor variance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges and solutions to support national production in order to resistance economy policies. In this research, by using descriptive-quantitative research method, including interviews with elites and experts in this field, questionnaire and fuzzy Delphi method, 22 important challenges and solutions in the field of supporting national production were identified and ranked, and then using the SWARA method to In general, they were re-ranked, identifying these challenges and determining their importance can be very effective in supporting national production in the field of business environment, the results indicate that the challenges identified in this study include: rent-seeking, weakness in the system Laws and regulations, political instability, the challenge of creating and maintaining employment, the challenge of technology, the challenge of human capital (education and skills), the challenge of corruption, the challenge of culture, the challenge of planning, economic challenges, the weakness of the capital market in financing production, supply of goods Smuggling in the domestic market as well as the most important solutions identified include: improving the institutional capacity of governance, facilitating laws and regulations, reforming industrial policy procedures, presenting an industrial development strategy document, developing the financial sector, removing obstacles to the import of the industry sector, transfer and development of technology in the country, rational and conscious support of national production, strengthening and supporting the knowledge-based economy, practical support and strengthening of the private sector.

In this study, the Hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and ELISA testes were checked and comprised with CBC in challenge with Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Avian Influenza (AI) sub type H9N2 viruses in ostrich. Eight ostrich chicks one months were prepared and divided randomly in two equal groups. Group 1 received IBD virus and group 2 received AI (H9N2) virus. Then on 2 days prior to challenge and 11 and 21 days post-challenge sera samples and on 2 days prior to challenge and 3, 11 and 21 days post-challenge blood smears were prepared from group 1 and on 2 days prior to challenge and 7 days post-challenge sera samples and on 2 days prior to challenge and 7 and 18 days post-challenge blood smears were prepared from group 2. The results were evaluated and analyzed by Sigma Stat software. In group 1, antibody titer significantly increased on 21 day post-challenge compared with 2 day prior to challenge and 11 day post-challenge but CBC didn’t show a significant change in after and before the challenges. In group 2, antibody titer significantly increased on 7 day post-challenge compared with 2 day prior to challenge but CBC didn’t show a significant change in before and after the challenges. The present study show that Infectious Bursal Disease virus infected the ostrich but didn’t any effects on CBC. HI and ELISA testes respectively are useful technique for detection of IBD and AI antibody after challenges in ostrich.

Elite athletes face many challenges during their career. These challenges must be managed successfully. This study aimed to identify the challenges of athletes at the level of elite sports. For this purpose, a qualitative research method with a phenomenological strategy based on the Husserl approach was used. In this regard, 21 elite athletes were interviewed using a purposive sampling method, then the collected data were analyzed with the MAXQDA software, version 2020. The results showed 10 underlying categories of athletes' challenges, namely personal challenges, financial challenges, discrimination, retirement challenges, challenges with coaches, challenges with sports managers, social challenges, challenges related to facilities and sports equipment, challenges of sending to competitions and challenges of camps. Therefore, it is suggested that to reduce these challenges, management (the management of  a club, Ministry of Sports, National Olympic Committee) as the highest and most effective element of an organization, from now on, should be diligent in three scenes: economic (effective in improving facilities and financial obstacles of athletes and their coaches), the psychological (effective in improving the individual challenges of athletes), the organizational justice (to eliminate any discrimination). In addition, initiatives to eliminate them might lead to excellence in performance, flourish of potentials, and increase of the pride of athletes at the international level.Therefore, it is suggested that in order to reduce these challenges, management (the management of a club, Ministry of Sports, National Olympic Committee) as the highest and most effective element of an organization, from now on, should be diligent in three scenes: economic front (effective in improving facilities and financial obstacles of athletes and their coaches), the psychological front (effective in improving the individual challenges of athletes), the organizational justice front (to eliminate any discrimination). Also, initiatives to eliminate them might lead to excellence in performance, flourish of potentials, and increase the pride of athletes at the international level.

Media startups play an important role in developing knowledge based economy, and are becoming a source of numerous social changes. These media startups and their specific aspects and characteristics are scrutinized in the realm of media entrepreneurship. This research attempts to investigate the challenges of media startup creation. A qualitative research design –multiple case study- is used. This research is an applied research in terms of goal. Eleven co-founders of five media startups are interviewed using a semi structured interview protocol. The authors used two-step coding in order to analyze the statements an outputs of the interview sessions. Findings revealed that there are six categories of challenges of media startup creation, which are: legal challenges, infrastructural challenges, human capital challenges, funding challenges, media credibility challenges, and content related challenges. Based on our findings, the content related challenges are among the most important challenges faced by media startups in their creation stage.