Based on the historical resources in the age of Soltan Abusaeid, one of the Ilkhanid in Iran, a splendid city in the direction of a road towards "The Holy Shrines" in the place of Chamchamal Plain located in boundary extent between Bisotun and Sahneh was founded. This city has been named Little Sultanabad or Little Baghdad. During two seasons of archaeological surveys in the years of 2001-2003 at Chamchamal Plain, all the archaic remains in the site ere identified and surveyed in the measuring method. Among the precincts of Chamchamal Plain, a Tepe named Gharghovand lacated in 5 km in east of Bisotun and having 20 hectare extent, more than any other precinct is capable of conformity with Sultanabad city.

The recognition of human settlement and making changes in ecosystems are the most important topics in landscape archaeology. The role of human-environment interaction is important as the this interactions can affect the environment and human behavior, studying the archaeological sites in their natural context real understanding the environmental potential, cultural, and economic livelihood systems of residents. According to certain limitations and potential of the spatial arrangement of species in the area is following; according to the natural geography of the region and the relationship between man and environment, most of the settlement pattern locating in different geographic zones varying from each other, and each distribution switching the location of settlements. In their analysis of spatial relationship between settlements and other factors such as roads, rivers, quality and type of land have checked. Environment and nature type defines that how they adapted with humans, it is obvious that the situation is not identical to conform a different environment. Identification of facilities and the environmental constraints shapes the human behavior. The Chamchamal plain is of the widest plains locating between the Zagros Mountains where two rivers Gamasiab and Dinavar are flowing and Great Khorasan Road lied on the east-west of the plain along rivers. In addition, on the south side of the plain, two permanent Mirage and roaring “Barnaj” and “Nojubaran” have located; the importance of the plain, especially during the beginning of sedentarism, rivers and downstream added a significant role to the of early settlements development. This system has led to the discharge these resources vary in different seasons, maximum and minimum in the spring to fall months. The average elevation above sea level is between 1300 and 1400 meters and Chamchamal Plain catchment area is inlet Dinavar 460 kilometers. In this paper, the settlement pattern of Bronze and Iron Age of the plain Chamchamal is being studied; according to the plain status, ecological potential and the dispersion of settlement in both periods has considered. Here, it was found that, during the Bronze and Iron Age, the economy was on the basis of agriculture and animal husbandry. The main characteristic of the Bronze Age Settlements of the plain, is that they mostly located in the center of the Plain close to the permanent water sources and main roads. This pattern is dependent on its core showing agricultural subsistence. During the Early Bronze and Iron Age, a greater tendency have seen in marginal areas and mountain belt as can be due to population growth, or spreading animal husbandry. Iron was often moves during the establishment of center of the Plain to the mountainous north following a linear pattern along the mountain valleys, since the life was marginalized; this, represents a change from farming to livestock and giving reliance. As a result of greater reliance on farming subsistence areas of southern margin of the basin and range area and the wider setting. The average size of each field setting area than the area of the center of the Plain and mountain ranges (northern plains) further. According to an study on the Chamchamal plain settlements, since there was not much difference in the size of two sites, the major sites have area of 0.5 to 1 hectare. Rural have probably had certain social changes have taken place after Bronze and Iron Age habitat in the hierarchy have not seen much difference.

Harsin city is located in the southeast of Kermanshah province, because of its special geographical location and suitable environmental conditions, it has always been one of the most suitable places for human settlements. The city, with two sections, Harsin and Bistoon, covers an area of ​​about 1010 km2 and is 45 km from the provincial capital. In addition to Meskuh Valley, Chamchamal Plain and Harsin Plain are located in relatively high mountains with fertile soil, suitable climate and abundant water resources, which is quite suitable for agricultural activities. In a survey conducted by Translator and Chrysler in 2002 and 2009, 221 archaeological sites were identified in this area, and a total of 43 post-colonial settlements were identified based on surface findings, indicating the high importance of the area in the area. According to surface findings, there are a total of 43 settlements belonging to the Era. Archeological studies of abundance and diversity of clay pots in Harsin city's rocky areas show that Harsin city's plains and valleys can be considered as one of the routes of the north-west of south of Lorestan. Therefore, in this article, we try to examine the following questions and hypotheses based on the clay findings. Common Zagros sites during the Copper Age (Old, Middle, New) have been developed in the study area; cultural data from field surveys indicate regional cultural relevance to the Kangavar (Godin and Shegabi) and Mahidasht (J) areas; It is trans-regional with Azerbaijan (Dalma) and the land of Mesopotamia (Obaid). As in other areas of central Zagros in the area under study in ancient Stone Age, Goodin XI culture, in Middle Stone Age, Goodin X, IX cultures and in Late Stone Age, Goodin VIII, VII and VI cultures were prevalent. However, the presence of Mahidasht stone copper pottery in this region also indicates the presence of pottery cultures in the western regions. This article deals with the typology and analysis of pottery of the Harsin region which in addition to its native and local features have some similarities with those of the Kangavar, Mahidasht, Azerbaijan and Mesopotamia. Indicative pottery can be found in the type of pottery, dalma, triple, pottery with a black effect on chickpea and pottery with red cover. The role of the dominant liquids is on geometric imprinted pottery.

Nowadays, the maximum operation of groundwater resources has been achieved in Iran. Also, the majority of extractable water resources are utilized and the managing of water resources in the future is depended on more extracting of water resources. For better basin management, forecasting the groundwater depth fluctuations in particular in arid areas is more necessary. In this study, time series spectral analysis is used to forecast the groundwater depth fluctuations of Chamchamal plain. In this regard, the monthly groundwater depth time series during 1995 to 2009 years are used for calibration periods and the periodogram diagrams are depicted. Data periodicity is analyzed by using Fourier spectral analysis and the deterministic term of data periodicity is eliminated. In the next step, stationary and normality in the data are considered. After that, the different time series models are fitted for the prepared data and accuracy of them were assessed by Akaike (AIC) criterion. The results show that ARMA (2, 1), ARMA (1, 1), ARMA (1, 1) models are the best fitted models for the measured data in Bazanabad, Gheshlaghabad and Gavkol piezometers, respectively. Finally, the residuals stationarity assumption test is used to check for the correct diagnosis of the fitted pattern. In this study, the results represent the high performance and accuracy of the applied new approach to the time series spectral analysis for forecasting groundwater depth by application of the regression coefficient amount of 0.78 and SI- Index of 4% to 14% of piezometer's data. Using spectral analysis, as has been provided in this study, is very useful for forecasting groundwater depth.

In this research, the effect of climate change on the groundwater level of Chamchamal Plain in the two 20-year periods was investigated. The GMS groundwater model was used to simulate the aquifer and was calibrated and verified for evaluation and validation of the model for two periods of 18 months, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of climate change on the fluctuations of groundwater level in the region, six AOGCM models were used under three emission scenarios A2, A1B, and B1 in the upcoming period. Then, two methods of weighting and extraction of probabilistic levels were used to consider the uncertainty prediction of climate change models for temperature and precipitation parameters. The predicted climatic variables for scenarios A2, A1B and B1, and two Probability levels 90% and 50%, respectively, show the average temperature changes of +0.57, +0.57, +0.57, -0.04 and +0.6 °C and average precipitation variation of +0.12, -1.8, +2.49, -31.78 and -2.33 during the period 2011-2030. Similarly, for the period 2046-2065, the average temperature changes were +1.92, +2.12, +1.46, +0.98 and +2.3°C, and the average precipitation variation was -20.59, -26.07, -19.55, -47.15 and -15.74 percent. Finally, the effect of climate change on the aquifer level was determined under scenarios. The results showed the groundwater level, under scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilistic levels of 90 and 50 percent for the periods 2011-2030 and 2046-2065 will drawdown between -9.6 to -17.92 meters, which is Compared to the period 1996-2015, it showed a change in level between -1.06 to -9.38 meters.

Hydrological time-series is a time-dependent hydrological variable that finding the model of changes and predicting is the most important goal of time-series analysis. The purpose of this study is to simultaneously study the characteristics of time series and their prediction and the important parameters of the GEP for high-precision predictions in the training and validation. In this study, groundwater depth time-series of Chamchamal plain station located in Kermanshah province with a 12-year period and mountainous climate and the monthly time-series of Alaska temperature with a 50-year period and cold and dry climate have been used. Genexprotools5.0 software has been used to model time-series by GEP.The results of studying with GEP showed that the periodicity of data properties that existed in the time series of temperature caused correlation results above 90% in different stages of training and validation. So that the effect of different parameters of GEP is less than 10% in improving results. On the other hand, by examining the time-series of groundwater depth, which lacks periodicity and has a descending ACF shape, the prediction results of the GEP with any effective expression parameter, R more than 44% in the validation wasn't obtained. This means that the time-series preprocessing has a greater impact on the prediction results. So that by eliminating the semester, the prediction results in all stages of modeling are significantly reduced. In this case, the best R for the validation is 50%.

Based on the archaeological studies conducted in the Harsin County, there are large number of stone reliefs, grottoes and rock structures such as palaces, bridges and stone carvings. There-fore, the region and especially Mount Bisotun in terms of the stone carvings and stone work on different historical periods of utmost importance and index among is the archaeological regions of Iran. Easy access to limestone mountains of the area in places like Bisotun Mount., during the Parthian and specially Sasanian periods has caused to be created the stone carvings produc-tion mines. Abundance of cut carvings stones on buildings and bridges and even gravestone some graveyards can be seen. There are stone reliefs and carvings stones with mason’s mark in some of buildings, which its study, promote regional archeology and could be specify some ar-chaeological problems on the masonry and stone reliefs resolved. In the 4th century A.D., coin-ciding with strong government Ale-Buyeh in Iran, western Iran region was controlled by Hasnavian kingdom. Of the most important monuments remaining from the Hasnavian is locat-ed in the village of Sarmaj. The castle at 7 km southeast of Bisotun is located mountainous re-gion, overlooking of Chamchamal plain. Very favorable geographical conditions of the region, including large and small intermountain valleys with suitable height of the sea level, and final-ly, vegetation and pastures rich and abundant water resources such as rivers, streams, and springs mirage so much that these factors is make the area suitable for the formation of differ-ent settlements and structures such as the castle Sarmaj. Probably around the year 348 AH Sarmaj castle. By the Hasnavieh founder of the dynasty, has been constructed on a large stone building from the Sassanid era that It can be seen wall remains, including large and small stones. Sarmaj castle was built by Hasnavian that has been square shape similar to the Sassanid architecture monuments and all the important features of this fort such as material, form and plan, gate way, tower and buttress was built in the same style and structure of the Sassanid pe-riod. Similar Sassanid monuments in the region can be named of Sassanian unfinished palace of Bisotun and the building known as the Anahita temple of Kangavar. Other architectural as-pects of the Sassanid buildings of the area such as Anahita temple, Bisotun and even the Harsin park with the castle of Sarmaj, are rock blocks, which is one of the main elements of the Sassa-nid era architecture. In all of these sites, cut of block stones have the same style of construc-tion. Today’s cut of block Stones, it can be seen inside some residential houses of village or in the walls of these houses and also in the cemetery inside the village.he most important archi-tectural spaces remaining Sarmaj castle, large and small stone walls, which it is the largest re-maining stronghold of the southern wall. Moreover, ornamental stones with floral Kufic in-scriptions were obtained from the castle of Sarmaj which influenced by the Abbasid art clearly were belongs to the Hasnavian period. However, this hypothesis needs further research, espe-cially it carrying out for scientific excavation.

In order to study the effect of genotype × environment interaction and stability of sugar beet varieties, four cultivars, including Shirine, Zarghan, Laetitia and 7112 hybrid were planted in five major areas near to sugar beet factory of Biseton as Kangavar, Sahneh, Chamchamal, Dinavar and Ravansar for three years (2006-2008) using a randomized complete block designs, with three replications. Analysis of variance for root yield, sugar yield and sugar content showed that the environment and genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction were significant. AMMI model with the first two principal components explanied most of the genotype × environment interaction (99.9%, 99.3 % and 99.4 %) for root yield, sugar yield and sugar content, respectively. Laetitia was the best genotype based on the biplots, but had the least general adaptation to the environments and showed specific adaptation to Sahneh location. Zarghan had the most highest general adaptation to the locations, but had the average value for the traits studied. 7112 hybrid had the specific adaptation to Kangavar location. Among the locations, Sahneh was the best location, and was more similar to Chamchamal. Based on means and the first two interaction components, Dinavar was the poorest location. Therefore, Sahneh and Ravansar are recommended as suitable places for planting of sugar beet and Laetitia is suggested as the best genotype for these locations.

The development of genotypes, which can be adapted to a wide range of environments, is one of the most important goals of plant breeders in a crop improvement program. In this study, genotype × environment interaction and stability of crop varieties from the different characteristics of four cultivars of monogerm sugar beet, including; Shirine, Zarghan, Latitia and 7112 hybrid in five major regional sugar beet factory of Biseton including Kangavar, Sahaneh, Chamchamal, Dinavar and Ravansar were investigated using nonparametric methods with three replication and three year (2007-2008). Analysis of variance for traits of root yield, sugar yield and sugar content showed that the environment and genotype and genotype × environment interaction had significant variation. According to the Si (1),Si(2), Si(3), Si(6), NPi(1) and NPi(4), 7112 hybrid was stable genotype for traits of root yield and sugar yield. The unstable genotype based on these stability parameters was latitia genotype but had greatest mean yield. For trait of sugar content, latitia genotype was stable cultivar with highest mean yield.

During the Ilkhanid period, although urbanization and architecture started with Holagu Khan, it flourished during Oljaitu’s riegn. He built four cities, namely, Sultanieh, Sultanabad, Chamchamal, Oljaitu Abad, and Aq’qaleh. Being aware of the necessities and needs of the Royal city and the capital, using the successful urbanization experiences of Qazan, inheriting a rich treasury, the existence of expert workforce and willing contractors encouraged Oljaitu's urbanism. Contrary to Qazan's period, when new cities formed adjacent to old ones, now the new cities were completely separate and independent. Oljaitu was a strict follower of Iranian- Islamic traditions in urbanization, and considered all the needs of citizens. Sultanieh is a perfect example of modern cities. Decree issued by the king for constructing a city, and a predetermined plan of city are among the noticeable aspects of urbanization during Oljaitu's reign. Using historical texts and architectural data, the present study presents a general view of urbanization during Oljaytu’s time and the influencing factors in urbanization.