The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics of single-parent, two-parent and multi-parent families with their parent-child relationship in Sari. In a correlational study, 324 high school male and female high school students in Sari were selected by simple random sampling and completed the NEO 5-Factor Personality Questionnaire and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PCRS). The data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and linear regression. The results showed that personality traits explained 49.5% variance of father-child relationship in single-parent families, 25.4% variance of father -child relationship in two-child families and 26.3% variance of father -child relationship in multi-child families (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results indicated that personality traits explained 20.8 % variance of mother-child relationship in single-parent families, 36.9% variance of mother-child relationship in two-child families and 32.7% variance of mother-child relationship in multi-child families (p < 0.01).  Therefore, personality traits of students are effective in explaining the parent-child relationship of families.

The goal of this study was to examine the correlation between marital conflict and parent-child relationship with children’s affective and behavioral difficulties. Also, the role of marital conflict in predicting parent-child relationship was examined. This study used multi-stage relatively random sampling with 413 fifth-grade school children in the city of Tehran (220 girls and 193 boys). Mothers responded to the O’Leary and Porter/ Overt Hostility Scale (OPS). Mothers and teachers responded to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and children answered the parent-child relationship subscale of the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Questionnaire-for Young Children (CPIC-Y). The standard and simultaneously regression analyses indicated that marital conflict and parent-child relationship, both are predictors of children’s affective and behavioral difficulties. In addition, maritalconflict significantly predicts children’s negative perception of parent-child relation-ship. Hierarchical regression analyses did not confirm the mediating role of parent-child relationship between marital conflict and children’s psychopathological symptoms. These results signify that marital conflict and parent-child relationship are predictors of children’s psychopathological difficulties and marital conflict affect children’s perception of the parent-child relationship negatively.

This study is concerned with two issues. One of them is the difference between the mother-child relationship in two groups of mentally retarded and normal children; and the other is the relation between the mother- child relationship and school achievement on one hand and the gender of the children on the other.46 mothers (23 of either group) and 46 children (32 of either group) sampled randomly, made up the subjects of the study. The results were indicative of differences in the mother- child relationships between the two groups, and also of correlation between mother - child relationship and school achievement of the mentally retarded children.

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between parent-child relationship and empathy. Participants comprised 295 secondary school students from Tehran, District 6 in the academic year of 1397-1389, selected by cluster sampling method. The participants completed the Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (Vossen, Piotrowski, & Valkenburg, 2015), Self-Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1990), and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (Fine, Moreland & Schwebel, 1983). The results of the correlation test and path analysis showed that self-esteem has a positive relationship with empathy, and the parent-child relationship has a positive relationship with empathy and self-esteem in adolescents. Therefore Self-esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship between parent-child relationship and empathy. In general, findings show that the parent-child relationship forms and affects self-esteem. Due to its sanctity, the parent-child relationship is also related to empathy.

Externalizing disorders affect the pediatric psychosocial development and mother-child relationship. The quality of mother-child relationship has a pivotal role in formation of the social personality, cognitive function, and mental health of a child.
Aim: Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of training positive parenting program (Triple P) on improvement of the mother-child relationship in mothers of children with externalizing disorders.
This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 mothers of children with externalizing disorders, who referred to the children and adolescent psychiatric clinic of Ibn-e-Sina Hospital and Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. For the intervention group, Triple P was implemented as eight training sessions of 120 minutes during two months. The mother-child relationship was evaluated by Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation questionnaire. All the data were analyzed by SPSS using paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, and analysis of covariance.
In the pre-intervention phase, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of mother-child relationship aspects, including overprotection, radical underestimation, and child rejection. Immediately post-intervention, the mean scores of all mother-child relationship dimensions in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group (PImplications for Practice: The Triple P training can lead in improved mother-child relationship in mothers of children with externalizing disorders. Consequently, this approach is recommended to promote the mother-child relationship.

Background & Positive parent-child relationship has an important role in children’s academic, social, and behavioral adaptations. Present study aimed to investigate the associations between parent-child relationship and aggressive behaviors among students.
Present research was a correlational study with predictive design. The study population consisted of all female fifth graders who were studying in public schools of Sari city in 1393-94 academic year. The sample consisted of 254 students that were selected using random cluster sampling method. Data was collected using Parent-child relationship Survey (Fine, Moreland, and schwebel, 1983) and Shahim Aggression questionnaire for children (1385) and analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis.
Results of Pearson correlation coefficient test revealed significant negative correlations between parent-child relationship and aggressive behavior among students (r= -0.79, p According to our findings, we can conclude that parent-child relationship quality is a significant and influencing factor in children’s behavior, particularly their aggressive behavior.

Infancy period is very important in life. This is a time of fundamental formation of character. In this investigation, effectiveness of instructional plan of child-rearing with emphasis on choice theory on improvement of parent-child relationship and life-satisfaction of mothers is studied. In this research, the assumption was that instruction of instructional plan of child-rearing with emphasis on choice theory is influential on parent-child relationship and life-satisfaction of mothers. This research was quasi-experimental with pre-post test and control group. The statistical population of this research consisted of all mothers living in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 mothers. parent-child relationship Measure and Satisfaction with Life Scale are used in this study. Covariance test has been used for the analysis. The results showed that instructional plan of child-rearing has a meaningful influence on the parent-child relationship and life-satisfaction of mothers. Therefore this instructional plan can be effective on increase of parent-child relationship and life-satisfaction of mothers.

Parent-child relationship patterns are one of the essential components of child development and are often linked to the most important achievements of children, including their social and cognitive abilities. It is also the basis for most people's personality, attitudes, emotions and habits.The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationship between Parent-Child Relationship Pattern and communication skills through Emotion Management and self-esteem. The participants were 400 university students selected by Stratified sampling method from Jahrom University. The participants completed the Bagheri’s parent-child relationship patterns questionnaire and test Communication Skills Questionnaire Quinn Dam, Emotion Management and self-esteem Coopersmit. The results indicated that the model had good fit indices. There were direct effects of Parent-Child Relationship Pattern on Emotion Management and self-esteem. The Parent-Child Relationship Pattern had an indirect effect on Communication Skills through self-esteem. The findings suggested that Father Circuit security predicted self-esteem and Emotion Management and Mother circuit security predicted Emotion Management, and Mother release predicted and self-esteem in turn determined Communication Skills.

Objective Given that social anxiety is a high prevalence disorder that affects the social functioning of individuals and one of its essential consequences in children and adolescents is a severe school dropout. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality of parent-child relationship in social anxiety of female high school students in the fifth district of Tehran.Methods  The present research method was descriptive-correlational and its statistical population included all-female high school students in the fifth district of Tehran. From this number, a sample of 348 people was selected by the available sampling method based on the Morgan table. Leibwitz (1987) and Pianta (1994) Parent-Child Relationship Scale were used to collect data and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data.Results The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the parent-child relationship and social anxiety (P <0.01).Conclusion  Finally, considering the quality of the parent-child relationship in predicting social anxiety, the development of any program to improve the quality of the parent-child relationship can lead to the prevention or reduction of social anxiety in adolescents.

is research was to investigate the correlation between father-child relationship and adolescent's social competence. The population consisted of high school female and male students of the Sanandaj city in the 2011-2012 academic year. Some 240 students (120 girls and 120 boys) from this population were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The study was descriptive and used correlational methods. The research instruments included: Social Competence questionnaire and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS). Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between father-child relationship and social competence. Regression analysis showed that relationship with father has the most effective results on communication skills and the least effect on motivation aspects. The range of father-child relationship and social competence and its aspects has much higher impact on girls group than the boys group. Thus father-child relationship is one of the most effective factors on increasing the social competence in adolescents.