Increasing trend of food waste is one of the serious problem in many countries. The purpose of this study is identifying the factors creating citrus waste in Fars province using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation. Data were collected using stochastic sampling and completing 221 questionnaires between farmers in Fars province in 2013. According to the results of exploratory factor analysis, effective factors on citrus waste in Fars province are abbreviated to 7 factors: "unsuitable infrastructures", "pests and atmosphere", "unsuitable management of inputs consumption such as water and pesticide", "unsuitable management after harvest", "unsuitable storage and transport of production", "harvest management and supply" and "unsuitable management of inputs consumption such as fertilizer and trees species". According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, total of coefficients are significant. Results of the final model revealed that pests and atmosphere, unsuitable infrastructures, unsuitable storage and transport of production, and unsuitable management after harvest are the effective variables on citrus waste in Fars province.

Agricultural waste management is one of the important issues that agricultural producers should consider to increase their income and environmental protection. Therefore, the investigation of factors that reduce the rate of agricultural production wastage as well as citrus production wastage is of utmost consequence in order to manage wastes, reduce environmental degradation and ecosystem destruction, and increase food security and economic growth. Inspired by this assumption, the aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting citrus waste production in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran (N= 7867). A stratified random sampling method was employed to collect data from 165 farmers. The main tool to collect data was a self-designed questionnaire whose content validity was approved by a panel of experts and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and its reliability was confirmed by calculating a Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α ≥ 0.7).The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that socioeconomic and technical factors altogether accounted for 60.257% of variances  in citrus production wastage.

The natural fibers of wool as a pile yarn in the hand-woven carpet have an unpleasant odor that makes the user feel uncomfortable. In many researches, scientists have paid attention to the use of different chemical compounds to eliminate unpleasant odors. Synthetic dyes and co-agents have destructive and adverse effects on nature, the use of new and natural resources, especially those that are more biodegradable, has received much attention in the last few decades for scientists around the world and is of great importance. Citrus peels contain substances such as natural oils, linalool compounds, aromatic substances, carotenoids, and anthraquinone dyes, which can be used to improve vegetable dyeing. The aim of this research was to study the efficiency of citrus waste to improve the quality of natural dyeing of woolen yarn with madder and weld. The dyeing characteristics of the samples were studied by measuring the color parameters L* a* b* and K/S dye absorption and the washing, staining, and light fastnesses of the samples. Also, dyed samples' hardness and their odor were qualitatively measured and studied. The results showed that the color quality of dyed woolen yarns was enhanced to some extent in the presence of citrus peel. dyeing fastness in the presence of citrus was improved. Infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy showed a change in the amount of absorption affected by the presence of citrus peel components in the dyeing bath. The use of orange and lemon peel also improved the natural unpleasant natural odor of wool fibers and their hardness.

Fruits and citrus wastes are generated in the food industry in large quantities. Their management in Iran, as one of the major hubs of fruits and citrus production, is of great importance. In this study, the biochar samples were prepared from pomegranate, orange and lemon peel waste produced in a juice factory using the pyrolysis process in the range of 400-500 °C; then their efficiency for zinc adsorption from an aqueous solution was investigated. The kinetic and isotherm data of zinc adsorption were fitted by the linear and nonlinear forms of the Langmuir and Frendlich isotherm models and the first-order and second-order pseudo-kinetics models. The results showed that under the experimental conditions applied, the maximum amount of zinc absorption by biochars derived from pomegranate, orange and lemon peel was 2.42, 1.83 and 3.17 mg/g, respectively. The results of adsorption isotherm models also showed that the use of the linear form could lead to a completely different interpretation, as compared to the original form of the model. Based on the linear forms, the Langmuir isotherm was the best; meanwhile, according to the non-linear forms, the Freundlich isotherm was the best model to describe the adsorption data. In addition, the reaction kinetics indicated that both original and linear models had the same results, and the data were better fitted by the pseudo-second order model.

In livestock nutrition management to increase productivity, finding inexpensive sources of food is a fundamental solution. .The sub-sectors of the agricultural industry in the feeding of ruminant animals make it possible to use them for the production of valuable products such as meat and milk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using citrus and sugar beet pulp in diet on ruminal performance and fermentation of Baluchi lambs. This research was carried out in a completely randomized design on 40 Baluchi lamb with 4 treatments and 10 lambs pretreatment with an average weight of 30 kg ± 1.5. The trial period was 75 days. Treatments were: 1) control group (base diet + 0 % citrus pulp per head at day 2( base diet + 10 % citrus pulp per head at day 3( base diet + 20 % sugar beet pulp dry per head at day 4) basal diet + 10% citrus pulp + 5% beet pulp dry per head at day. There was a significant difference between the mean daily weight gain in the whole period between different diets (P <0.05). The best conversion coefficient was for the group that consumed citrus (6.25) and the control group with the highest conversion factor (7.75), which had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between the average duration of chewing time, rumination and eating among different diets. According to the results of this study, the use of citrus pulp as a sub.

In the present study, bioactive compounds were extracted from cotyledon of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) seed, as a waste of citrus processing, using a microwave-assisted extraction method. The effects of four independent variables including microwave power (100-300 W), extraction time (5-15 min), sample weight (5-15 g), and solvent volume (100-200 mL) on responses of extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity (IC50), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and chelating capacity of extracts were investigated. Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of independent variables on the responses and also to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum extraction condition included microwave power of 300 W, extraction time of 15 min, sample weight of 5 g, and solvent volume of 200 mL. Regarding the extraction yield, its amount increased significantly by increasing microwave power, extraction time, and sample weight, while it decreased significantly by increasing solvent volume. Also, the highest total phenolic content in the extract was observed at the lowest levels of microwave power and extraction time. Concerning the total flavonoid content in the extract, its amount increased significantly by increasing extraction time and solvent volume, while it decreased significantly by increasing sample weight. In addition, the CUPRAC of the extract increased significantly by increasing microwave power, extraction time, and solvent volume, as opposed to sample weight. In conclusion, microwave-assisted extraction can be suggested as a suitable method for extracting bioactive compounds from the bitter orange seed cotyledon.

The essential oil extraction from Citrus peels constitutes an effectual approach for the valorization of Citrus fruit waste. Citrus peel essential oils can have an antifungal activity. The peel essential oils of seven species of Citrus, namely clementine, pummelo, tangelo, sweet orange, sour orange, tangerine and lemon, were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to chemical analysis to identify and evaluate the chemical constituents. Tangerine exhibited the highest yield (1.23%) followed by lemon (0.66%), clementine (0.56%), sweet orange (0.55%), tangelo (0.50%) and sour orange (0.47%). The lowest yield was obtained in pummelo (0.16%). The main compound in all Citrus essential oils was limonene with 62.1% for tangerine, 69.7% for lemon, 72.2% for tangelo, 76.4% for clementine, 89.8% for pummelo, 92.8% for sour orange and 94.1% for sweet orange. All these Citrus essential oils had a weak antifungal activity (MIC = 8000-12000 µg/ml) against Alternaria alternata strain.

Introduction Today, the citrus industry supplies the large quantities of diversed by-products such as whole citrus fruits, fresh or dried citrus pulp, citrus molasses, and silage as feed for animals. In 2000-2003, global production of citrus was 4.69 MT. Iran has produced 3.5 MT citrus fruits (3.5 % of the world's production) and is known as the world's sixth-largest citrus producing country. Citrus by-product feedstuff can be used as a high energy feed in ruminant rations to support rumen microflora, growth and lactation, with fewer negative effects on rumen fermentation than starch rich feeds (Leiva et al., 2000), andimproves dietary fiber digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. To increase the usefulness of citrus pulp it can be preserved by drying, but direct drying is difficult because of the slimy consistency of the waste. Citrus pulp may be ensiled alone or in combination with high dry matter cereal crop residues, such as wheat straw to control effluent outputs from silages. Application of wheat straw in silage as an absorbent additive decreases ensiling losses but also decreases quality of silage (. However, using wheat straw and urea in silage citrus pulp silage and their effects on feedlotting lambs has not evaluated. Therefore, this experiment conducted to test the effect of citrus pulp silage on fattening performance of Zel male lambs.
Materials and Methods Sixteen Zel male lambs (BW=25±0.5kg) in 4 treatments with 4 replications over 90 days fed with 4 experimental diets including: 1) basal diet with 14.61% of the citrus pulp silage withowt additives, 2) basal diet with 24.46% of the citrus pulp silage with 40% wheat straw, 3) basal diet with 24.22% of the citrus pulp silage with 38.5% wheat straw and 1.5% urea, and 4) basal diet with 23.76% of the citrus pulp silage with 37% wheat straw and 3% urea when forage to concentrate ratio was 40: 60%. Rations formulated using SRNS® (version 1.9.4208), mixed and fed twice daily at 700 and 1900. The daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratios were determined each 15d. Particle size distribution of ration was determined with dry sieving. Digestive kinetics were measured using Cr-mordanted NDF wheat straw a single dose. At 53 th d, rumination and chewing activity animal was measured visually with five-minute intervals over 24 h for all animals.
There were no significant difference in daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments. Gado et al (2011) showed that the intake of nutrients was not changed with orange pulp silage without additives or orange pulp silage treated with the enzyme lambs except the fiber fractions (i.e., NDF and ADF) were consistent with the results. Treatment 1 had highest apparent digestibility of nutrients than other experimental treatments therefore, additives significantly decreased digestibility in comparasion to treatment control. Increase dry matter digestibility with orange pulp is two reasons: (1) a large amount of pectin as a major component of orange pulp. 2- highly digestible NDF (Aregheore, 2000). Citrus pulp pectin and increase the surface area of the particle size reduction in treatment 1 increased digestibility (Mertens, 1997). Wheat straw, urea, increasing the diet particles size and physical effective fiber, increased chewing and rumination times in comparasion to treatment control and decreased the resting time. Krause and Combs (2003) reported consuming diets with equal cell wall, with reduce the particle size of corn silage in the ration, dry matter intake increased, rumen fluid pH and chewing activity decreased. Treatment 1 had the highest ruminall particulate passage rate and lowest ruminal mean retention time, but treatment 4 had the lowest ruminall particulate passage rate and the highest ruminal mean retention time. Particle size reduction and fresh citrus pulp in the low quality diet by increasing the digestibility and passage rate improve voluntary feed intake, in treatment 1 This research was observed (Teimouri et al., 2004; Scerra et al., 2001). Addition of urea in treatments 3 and 4 significantly increased ruminal pH and NH3N. Iow pH of fresh orange pulp silage and decreased rumination and chewing activity lead to lower rumen pH treatment 1 (Krause and Combs, 2003).
The results experiment showed that the citrus pulp silage treated with urea, produced suitable alternative from protein source for fattening lambs and reduced costs, also partly resolved the problem of disposal of byproducts in the factories. So that 15% citrus pulp in diet improvements digestibility of nutrients, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and fattening lambs performance without negative effect.

Research investigated oil mill decanter cake (OPDC) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) from oil palm in varying forms as soil media for growth performances of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and citrus (Citrus sp.) seeds during germination and growth. Factorial design with 4 levels of bio-organic: oil palm decanter cake (OPDC) treated with hot water at 70 oC, OPDC treated with hot water at 80 oC, OPDC raw and EFB; 2 levels of crops: citrus and cocoa seedlings were investigated. Each treatment was replicated thrice (4 × 2 × 3). A control experiment with normal sandy clay loam soil (NSCLS) medium, was also replicated thrice. Plant height; stem girth, number of leaves, days to seeds' emergence, leaf area, and biomass were measured. Days to emergence, number of leaves, and stem girth of cocoa seedlings were significantly different (p≤0.05) with different forms of OPDC media and EFB. Maximum growth performance was obtained for EFB, the highest number of leaves was 17.33, stem girth, 1.32. EFB has the least number of days of emergence. OPDC has high moisture and nutrient content.  OPDC and EFB have lesser bulk density compared with soil medium. Biomass gains from using bio-organic wastes as soil media for the cocoa and citrus seedlings were as high as 263.5 g (citrus), 237.5 g (cocoa) for EFB and they were the highest. Incorporation of OPDC and EFB as bio-organic media would boost nursery growth of permanent crops.

In this paper, a new multi-objective integer non-linear programming model is developed for designing citrus three-echelon supply chain network. Short harvest period, product specifications, high perished rate, and special storing and distributing conditions make the modeling of citrus supply chain more complicated than other ones. The proposed model aims to minimize network costs including waste cost, transportation cost, and inventory holding cost, and to maximize network’s profits. To solve the model, firstly the model is converted to a linear programming model. Then three multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithms are used including MOPSO, MOICA, and NSGA-II for finding efficient solutions. The strengths and weaknesses of MOPSO, MOICA, and NSGA-II for solving the proposed model are discussed. The results of the algorithms have been compared by several criteria consisting of number of Pareto solution, maximum spread, mean ideal distance, and diversification metric.Computational results show that MOPSO algorithm finds competitive solutions in compare with NSGA-II and MOICA.