Political competition as a natural and even useful behavior is the hallmark of decentralized and democratic political construction. Of course, all political efforts must be focused on preventing political competition from turning into conflict. Accordingly, theoretically, three types of political competition can be considered, which are "political competition for the political system", "political competition for the political system" and "political competition within the political system; That is the type of "political competition within the political system." From this point of view, the components of political competition are considered as the rules of political competition, in order to create order, to which all actors are committed. In the following, the most important components in the field of Islamic-Iranian political competition are discussed. In this research, using indigenous sources, the qualitative method and theoretical foundations of political competition with documentary and library methods have been studied and the components of Islamic-Iranian political competition have been extracted, and the weight of each has been determined and operationalized quantitatively in the form of a questionnaire (Delphi method).

This study investigated the relationship between product market competition and disclosure quality of 131 companies listed on Tehran stock exchange within 17 industries and during the period of 2007-2013. First، in order to assess the market more accurately، eight common competition indicators were used. Then using factor analysis technique، these indicators were summarized into three factors: potential competition، existing competition and industry profitability. Finally، the research hypotheses were tested using panel data with fixed effects. Results suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between potential competition and disclosure quality، while the relationship between existing competition and disclosure quality is significant and negative. In other words، the level of disclosure quality regarding these two dimensions of competition was determined. This means that if potential competition is stronger than existing competition، companies are forced to disclose reliable and timely information. Meanwhile، if existing competition is stronger than their potential competition، it is not essential for companies to disclose the reliable and timely information. Therefore، the tendency to increase the level of disclosure quality in these companies is low.

International Competition law” or “International aspects of domestic competition law” are titles by which we apply competition regulation over international trade-economic activities of undertaking. We can use “international competition law” when we do not confront with the absence of multilateral treaty or customary international rules, but use of “International aspects of domestic competition law” results in denying “International Competition law”; because it approves domestic law as the appropriate system to apply over anticompetitive activities. We argue that there are two significant differences between “domestic competition law” and “international competition law”. First; international competition law does not have specific rules in the kind of multilateral treaty and customary rules. Second; international competition law does not have specific institution to enforce its rules. These differences will cause in prosecuting of anticompetitive activities of undertaking in the jurisprudence of domestic courts, even if these activities have international dimensions. So we try to prove the above claims by recognizing the objectives and challenges and solutions of international competition law.

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world. However, men’s national teams of Asian countries have not performed well at world-level competitions such as Olympic and world cup games. Clarifying the feature of Asian basketball games would be some help to improve the competitiveness of Asian teams.
This study aimed to identify game-related statistics which discriminate between winning and losing teams in Asian men’s basketball competitions. In addition, European competitions were also analyzed and the results were compared between Asian and European competitions.
A total of 179 games from the 2011, 2013 and 2015 FIBA Asia Championships were analyzed for Asian competitions, and a total of 259 games from the 2011, 2013 and 2015 FIBA EuroBasket were analyzed for European competitions. All games were classified into three types (balanced, unbalanced and very unbalanced) according to point differential. A discriminant analysis was performed to identify game-related statistics which discriminate between winning and losing teams.
In European competitions, 76% of the games were classified into balanced games and none of the games was classified into very unbalanced games. In Asian competitions, on the other hand, only 48% of the games were classified into balanced games and 15% of the games were classified into very unbalanced games. In balanced games, defensive rebounds and assists discriminated between winning and losing teams in Asian competitions whereas defensive rebounds did so in European competitions. In unbalanced games, successful 2-point field goals, defensive rebounds and assists discriminated between winning and losing teams in both Asian and European competitions.
Asian competitions had higher proportions of unbalanced and very unbalanced games than European competitions. However, a discriminant analysis, which was performed independently for each type of game, showed similar results between Asian and European competitions. The only difference was observed in balanced games’ assists which discriminated between winning and losing teams in Asian competitions but not in European competitions.

Abstract
Political competition is one of the important factors in the improving society economic performance; the growth of political competition increases the possibility of the presence of elites in the political system and by limiting political rents and dominating special groups over economic resources, forces politicians to adjust economic policies to increase citizen’s welfare. Accordingly, it is argued that increasing political competition improves economic efficiency. Such an approach has attracted government attention to the development of political competition. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relative position of the country's provinces in terms of political competition indicator and also to examine its changes at the provincial level to evaluate the status of political competition indicator as an important component in the regional economy performance.
The hypothesis of research is that, firstly, there is a considerable dispersion among different regions in terms of political competition, and secondly, the performance of this type of competition in the country has not been as expected. In this regard, first, based on different indicators of political competition, a comprehensive index of political competition based on the Root Mean Square method is introduced and measured. Then, the status of the political competition index in the provinces during the years 2000 to 2019 will be evaluated. The estimation results show that firstly, there is a considerable dispersion among different regions in terms of political competition index so that the country provinces can be divided to three levels of political competition as low, medium and high. Secondly, the average trend of political competition index is generally declining in the provinces of the country in the 20-year period, whereby it is necessary to create the necessary policies for growth of political competition at the national and regional levels, given the role of political actors in regional performance.

Today, given the various developments in the field of the rule of legal states, the proposition that improving the state of economic competition in any political society requires the existence of cultural, economic, social and political conditions is undeniable and inviolable. With this explanation, it is necessary In addition to paying special attention to the four factors mentioned in the study of economic competition in each of the political societies, to identify the factors affecting the facilitation of competition and the prohibition of monopoly. Therefore, in this study, while utilizing the research tools of observation and interviews from systematic literature reviews with the aim of studying in the field of economic competition to examine these very important and effective factors in facilitating competition and preventing monopolies in the public service industry used. According to the findings of the research in this article, The most important factors affecting the facilitation of competition and prohibition of monopoly in public service industries can be in the form of 10 separate groups included: The existence of competition protection and regulatory institutions, the existence of policy-making institutions, The existence of planning institutions in the field of competition, Approving laws and setting regulations in the field of competition and market regulation, Predicting the guarantee of effective and efficient executions, Guaranteeing the structural and financial independence of competition protection and regulatory institutions, Applying appropriate supervision by competition protection and regulatory institutions, Paying attention to time and place factors in regulating and setting regulations in the field of competition, The serious determination and powerful will of the trustees of competition protection and regulatory institutions in dealing with anti-competitive actions and procedures, The institutionalization of the culture of competitiveness in the society and the internal commitment of the market players to comply with healthy and fair competition divided and classified. Therefore, if there is a maximum of the factors identified in this research in each competition law system, one can witness the emergence of healthy and fair competition in the market, reducing the anti-competitive actions and procedures of market players, increasing efficiency, optimal allocation of resources and increasing the level of social welfare. It was citizens. In Iran's competition law system, which has actually gained a new form and consistency with the approval of the Law on the Implementation of General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution approved in 2010, Under the ninth chapter titled "Facilitating Competition and Prohibiting Monopoly" some of these pioneering and important factors in the field of facilitating competition and prohibiting monopoly have been sporadically mentioned. due to their lack of comprehensiveness and lack of adopting a systematic and holistic approach to the category of economic competition and market regulation, it needs to be revised based on the findings and solutions presented in this research.

Competition rules apply to maintain market competition, and competition authorities are responsible for implementing competition laws and regulations and preventing the undertakings from anti-competitive practices; However, alongside Competition authorities, in certain areas, mainly when markets face monopoly or intense concentration, lawmakers set up sector regulators to monitor the monopolies. In some countries, regulatory bodies are partly in line with competition authorities, but in some legal systems, they perform differently and sometimes are in conflict; On occasions, sector regulators consider an obstacle to the implementation of competition laws. Examining the powers, duties, and objectives of sector regulators and competition authorities, and how they operate in different countries, presents a variety of situations from conflict to interaction. In this article, this issue has been studied in different legal systems using a comparative approach. Finally, the Iranian Legal system's viewpoint has been discussed, reviewing the latest developments in the laws and regulations and the most critical cases of dispute between the Competition Council and the regulatory sector (telecommunications, pharmacies, Bar Associations, and car pricing), using a descriptive-analytical method.

Competition rules are enforceable in different markets to facilitate competition, prohibit monopolies, and encourage economic enterprises to comply with these rules. The present study seeks to answer how competition ruled can be applied to the film industry through public enforcement of competition law. It is descriptive-analytical research using library and Internet resources. This study examines the Iranian competition system especially Chapter 9 of the Act of the execution of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution (2007) and other laws and regulations related to competition and the film sector.In this regard, we explored the role of the Competition Council in monitoring the market and management of anti-competitive behaviour of enterprises and the role of Satra as a regulatory body in the field of visual media, and it was found that there are doubts about Satra's competence in competition issues.This study shows that the film industry is one of the most important and influential industries in the economic system.  With measures such as reforming the mechanism governing state aid in the cinema sector and digital media, including online media distribution and, We can increase competition in the film market and ban monopolies.

Hormonal responses to competitions and their relationships have been extensively examined in male athletes, but there are few studies in women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of competition stress on salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol in female handballists. Ten female handballists of Islamic Azad University (Sari Branch) (age 21.5±2.5 years) participated in this study. Salivary samples were collected 30 min and 5 min before competition, between two half times and immediately after four competitions. The salivary DHEA and cortisol concentrations were measured by ELISA method. The results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measures have shown a significant (p=0.001) increases for DHEA concentration after four competitions, however, cortisol and DHEA/cortisol ratio did not show any changes after four competition (p>0.05). These results indicate that salivary DHEA is more sensitive to competition situations than cortisol concentration. We suggested that androgens maybe more affected by competition.

There are different opinions about the application of competition law on the banking system. Many scholars do not consider the banking system to be subject to competition law because they consider the competition as a threat to the stability and security of the banking system. In contrast, some scholars believe in the exercise of competition law in the banking system. It is impossible to fully implement competition law in the banking sector due to the inherent characteristics of the banking system. Competition in the banking system increases efficiency and innovation in service delivery, however; stability is essential to maintain confidence. These purposes are not always consistent. The present paper seeks to examine the theories proposed in this field and the suggested solutions in American law to examine the interaction of competition law on the one hand and the policies of maintaining stability on the other hand regarding the merger of banks. The results of the study indicate lack of attention to the requirements and specific features of the banking system in the application of competition law on the merger of banks in the Iranian legal system.