Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare lesions with uncertain histopathology. One of the major signaling pathways that participate in the development of several tumors is protein kinase A. In this pathway, glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB3) are two genes which are supposed to be down regulated in most human tumors. The expression level of the genes was evaluated in SGT to scrutinize their possible under expression in these tumors.

Forty eight fresh tissue samples were obtained from patients with benign and malignant SGT, including pleomorphic adenoma, warthin’s tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), salivary duct carcinoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Eight normal samples were used as controls. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression level of interest genes.

Data was analyzed by statistical methods. GSK3β was downregulate in all samples and all results were statistically significant (P<0.05). CREB3 did not show a significant decrease or increase in its mRNA expression, but the results were significant in MEC and salivary duct carcinoma.

GSK3β down regulation has been reported in many human tumors. This gene stimulates CREB3, inducing cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Our findings showed GSK3β down regulation; however, CREB3 expression level was close to normal group. No association between CREB3 expression and inactivated GSK3β could be postulated in SGT.

Nowadays the destructive effects of oil pollutions that produced by different resources in waters and aquatic organisms have been defined with the intention of studying effects of crude oil in different concentration, on variations of anti-oxidant enzymes level (SOD, CAT)in Tetraclita rufotincta and the possibility of introduce these enzymes as biomarkers. Metod: Barnacles Tetraclita rufotincta were sampled in Bahrekan region. Barnacles exposed to 250ppb, 125ppb, 62.5ppb, 31.25ppb, 15.625ppb and 3ppb as a control, crude oil after 24,48,72 and 96 h. 15 barnacles removed from aquarium in average. Animals were examined for levels of Antioxidants enzymes (SOD, CAT) in their tissues. this study detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 h Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 128/98, 30/04, 75/8, 62/0 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the period mentioned, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 104/45, 74/95, 13/57, 10 U/ml/mg protein and 69/96, 61/56, 60/5, 86/46 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shownrespectively 98/79, 193/9, 42/75, 124/77 U/ml/mg protein and 69/22, 40/08, 81/86, 59/95U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 62/11, 87/1, 20/71, 93/47U/ml/mg protein. The results also detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 h Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13/29, 15/31, 15/5, 16/25 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13/03, 16/74, 13/65, 13/61U/ml/mg protein and 11/46, 16/54, 15/, 13/58U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 18/74, 11/86, 11/91, 16/22U/ml/mg protein and 21/1, 15/8, 15/04, 39/22U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 15/54, 18/8, 15/81, 15/97U/ml/mg protein. There was no correlation between Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and different concentrations of crude oil, during the animals exposed to crude oil. It also detected that CAT enzyme is sensitive parameter than SOD and that could be useful biomarker for the evaluation of contaminated aquatic ecosystems in Tetraclita rufotincta barnacles.

Aggressive periodontitis is associated with widespread systemic inflammation. C-reactive protein is known as a mediator capable of establishing a connection between periodontal disease and several systemic diseases. Some studies have shown that C-reactive protein is superior to cholesterol in predicting cardiovascular problems and death as a result of cerebrovascular accidents. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between periodontitis and high serum levels of C-reactive protein in various societies. The present study compared the effect of periodontal surgeries and conventional non-surgical treatment modalities on C-reactive protein level variations in patients with moderate-to-advanced generalized periodontitis. In this clinical trial, 80 systemically healthy individuals with an age range of 28-37 years, who had moderate-to-advanced generalized periodontitis, were selected and divided into two equal groups of 40. One group was treated by conventional periodontal modality (scaling) and the other was treated by surgery. The subjects’ medical and periodontal parameters, including C- reactive protein serum levels, pocket depth, bone loss and clinical attachment loss, were measured before and six months after treatment. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software using independent and paired t-tests (α = 0.05). The results showed that both treatment modalities decreased C-reactive protein serum levels, with the surgical treatment having a greater role in the decrease without any significant differences. Both treatment modalities significantly decreased pocket depths, but there was no significant reduction in the attachment loss and bone loss. It appears surgical periodontal treatment results in a greater decrease in C-reactive protein levels compared to non-surgical techniques but further studies are necessary.

There is limited knowledge available on the metabolism of glucose in the brain, an insulin insensitive organ. Insulin receptors hybridize with insulin like growth factor receptor (IGF-I) to transduce the signals in different areas of the brain. In this article we aimed at investigating whether the expression of IGF-I receptor and IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBP1) is changed in the brain of the diabetic animal model.

To induce insulin resistance, adult wistar rats were fed with fructose in their drinking water (10%). The expression of IGF-I receptor and its binding protein were examined immunohistochemically.

Our findings demonstrated that the expression of IGF-I receptor and IGF-I binding protein were not changed in different areas of the brain in insulin resistant rats, compared to those in the control rats.

The unchanged expression levels of IGF-I receptor and its binding protein I not imply the lack of involvement of the IGF-I signal transduction pathway in the insulin resistant brain, further investigations are to clarify the issue.

The consumption of local and traditional dairy products have increased in recent years and some local cheeses as functional foods with desirable organoleptic attributes have positive effects on human health. However, there is concern that consumption of these products may increase the risk of exposure to food born bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae family, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The microbiome of fermented products such as cheese is one of the most powerful and important parameters in flavor development and ripening. Furthermore, cheese flavor formation as a dynamic biochemical process is related to environmental conditions including milk source, ripening time, and temperature of storage. These parameters affect the microbial community structures and metabolic pathways.

In this study, a local cheese made from cow milk was prepared based on a local recipe. The traditional cheese was manufactured using mesophilic starter culture. The cheese was ripened at 10°C for 3 months. The samples were collected from the surface of the cheese. The serial dilution was performed until 10-10 dilution in sterile ringer. For isolation and phenotypic identification of lactic acid bacteria, a 100 µl of diluted sample was cultured on MRS agar and M17 agar, followed by incubation at 37°C for 48 h under anaerobic conditions with Gas-Pak A. After purification of colonies, the Gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates were phenotypically identified at genus level using physiological tests including capacity of gas production, growth at different pHs (9.6 and 4.4), salt tolerance (%6.5 and 18%), and different growth temperatures (10°C and 45°C). DNA extraction was performed with DNeasy®Blood & Tissue Kit. The microbial population of the cheese and its functional potential for ripening were investigated by whole-metagenome sequencing. The prepared library using Nextera™ DNA approach was sequenced by using the Illumina HiSeq® 2000, 2×100 bp paired- end reads. The metagenomics data of cheese microbiome were analyzed for taxonomic profiling and functional potential by De Novo Assemble Metagenome and Bin Pangenomes. The metabolic pathways were extracted from the KEGGdatabase.

The results of phenotypic identification showed that most of the lactic acid bacteria strains belonged to Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Lactobacillus. Also, the results of metagenomics analysis showed that there were various genera including Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Glutamicibacter, and Weissella in cheese. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus helveticus were identified as dominant species. Pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter, Listeria, and Staphylococcuswere also slightly found and therefore there is nearly no concern for consumers and human health. The microbiome of this cheese showed the metabolic potential for the biosynthesis of a wide range of  aroma compounds and associated with flavor development that related with the metabolism and biosynthesis of methane, branched chain amino acids (isoleucine, valine, and leucine), aromatic amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), other amino acids (beta-alanine, L-lysine), fatty acids (arachidonate, palmitate, stearate), and monosaccharides. The enzymes related to biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids were found during ripening of this cheese. These enzymes included 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase, 2-isopropylmalate synthase, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase, 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate delta-isomerase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Based on the results of KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Server), proteins involved in metabolic pathways of microbial community on the surface of the traditional cheese included Cytochrome P450 Photosynthesis Proteins, Peptidases & Inhibitors, Glycosyltransferases, Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Proteins, Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis and Degradation Proteins, Lipid Biosynthesis Proteins, Protein Kinases, Polyketide Biosynthesis Proteins Prenyltransferases, Protein Phosphatases & Associated Proteins, and Amino Acid Related Enzymes. The cheese under our study as a functional food showed health benefits for consumers due to the presence of probiotic bacteria and genes encoded for biosynthesis of valuable compounds including antibiotics, drugs, and antioxidants.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits the growth and productivity of plants in many parts of the world due to increased use of poor-quality water for irrigation and soil salinity. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves alteration in physiological processes and metabolic pathways and activating molecular or gene networks. In this study, 2DE technique was used to identify proteins responsive to salinity stress in maize. Two maize lines with different responses to salinity stress; R10 (tolerant) and S46 (sensitive) were selected. In the eight-leaf stage, salinity stress treatment of 8 dS/m was applied to plants for 20 days and then leaf proteins were extracted. Spots with more than a 1.5-fold increase or decrease in their expression were isolated and sequenced by mass spectrometry. Functional classification of protein spots per line after MS/MS revealed that the differentlly expressed proteins have different metabolic activities. In the tolerant line (R10), 5 spots including Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase proteins, ATP synthase subunit beta, Germin-like protein, Chlorophyll a-b binding protein, Triosephosphate isomerase, and 40S ribosomal protein, respectively showed an increased expression level. Moreover, in the sensitive line (S46), one spot showed an increased expression level that related to Proteasome subunit beta proteins, and two spots including Chlorophyll a-b binding protein and Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain protein showed a decreased expression level. The proteins identified in this study and the possible related biochemical pathways provide new information on the response of maize lines (R10 and S46) to salinity stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium, magnesium nanoparticles and their composition on growth and digestive enzymes of Asian seabass with a mean weight of 32.78±1.16 g for 42 days. After adaptation to the experimental conditions, 96 fish were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass cylinder 300-liter tanks in equal numbers. Four treatments including control treatment, 4mg / kg nanoselenium, 500mg / kg nanomagnasium and combination of 4mg/ kg nanoselenium with 500mg / kg nanomagnasium were investigated. The fish were fed daily in satiation and up to 3% of body weight in two time a day. Samples needed to measure growth indices and digestive enzymes were collected at the end of the period. The results showed that in the fish fed the combined treatment, the highest body weight gain was 131.33±26.58 and the specific growth rate was 2.08±0.28 and there was a significant difference between the control treatment (65.01±21.26 and 1.23±0.32, respectively) (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that digestive enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were significantly different between experimental treatments (P <0.05), so that the highest activity of alkaline phosphatase in nanoselenium treatment (611.06±82.00U/mg protein),  the highest amount of lipase (0.86±0.03 U/mg protein), trypsin (0.054 ± 0.001 U/mg protein), and chymotrypsin (0.214±0.004U/mg protein) was seen in nanomagnesium treatment (P <0.05), whereas the amylase enzyme showed no significant difference between the experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The results of this study showed that the addition of selenium and magnesium nanoparticles to the diet of Asian Sea bass had positive effects on growth performance and digestive enzymes and suggested that magnesium nanoparticle supplementation (500 mg/kg) could be used alone or in combination with selenium nanoparticles (4 mg/kg nano-selenium and 500 mg / kg nano-magnesium) in the diet of Asian Sea bass.

Salinity is one of the most determinative abiotic stresses in wheat cultivation. In order to overcome this concern, understanding how genes respond and act under stress conditions can provide useful information for plant breeding to withstand environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to identify genes with significant differences between two normal and stress conditions in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Gene expression patterns of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, serine-threonine protein kinase and Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member I1, chloroplastic-like showed that: under salt stress, the genes expression levels have increased while the expression of Proline dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial like, Putative calcium binding protein CML29 and GDSL_esterase / lipase_At2g40250-like genes decreased compared to control. Proline content and expression of key genes involved in proline biosynthesis under stress conditions showed significant changes in comparison with control conditions. Salinity stress induced P5CS expression and increased proline levels, which could indicate the crucial role of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase as valuable gene transfer from stress tolerant to sensitive plant to increase plant tolerance under salinity.