The performance of the propulsion system and the engine, known as the heart of the aircraft, is highly dependent on subsystems, such as the engine control subsystem.Today, most modern military and civil aircraft use turbine engines to generate thrust. The engine control system is one of the most challenging aircraft control systems that has undergone significant changes and improvements over time. The goal of any engine control system is to provide maximum performance in each flight conditions. With the increase in requirements and the development of technology in propulsion systems, digital electronic engine control and full authority digital engine (electronics) control have replaced hydromechanical control. The purpose of this study is to present the development process of turbine engine control system historically and to find new methods of engine control. Depending on the complexity of the aircraft propulsion system engine, the engine control approach will be determined and designed.

Today, one of the main challenges is to control fuel consumption, which has an effective role on other sectors of the economy. In this situation, efficient practices are necessary to reduce fuel consumption leading to lower costs. This paper shows how an intelligent control system has been designed and how an electronic engine speed control system was replaced with the mechanical system. The aim of construction and evaluation of an electronic system was to control engine speed in harvesting machines. The conventional control of engine speed in 7000 series sugarcane harvesters is mechanical. Stepper motor, drivers, micro-controller, joystick and potentiometer were used, as well as the C programming in code-vision to program the microcontrollers. A t test was conducted to compare fuel consumption between the systems. The statistical analysis showed significant difference between the control systems in 1% probability level. Results from the implementation of this system represented the design and proper functioning of the system. The results showed a reduction of about 6.3% in fuel consumption when electronic control system was used, comparing to mechanical control and this was due to the use of intelligent and automatically control of engine speed. Installation of this system on existing sugarcane harvesters will save about 505,000 liters of fuel annually.

Provision and design of educational programs according to the educational needs of target groups is a key priority for implementation of the program by the health care community. Related studies in the field are rare to identify educational needs in the country. The aim of this study was to determine and prioritize educational needs of faculty members of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. The survey was conducted using the Delphi assessment in three-step in 2011. Educational needs by 40 faculties of Clinicians, Nursing and Midwifery, Sciences, Health and Paramedical (10 people per group) were identified and prioritized. We used a purposive sampling method using three questionnaires for data collection and scoring. The top five priorities of educational needs of clinical faculty members included: online search strategies, digital library, scientific writing in English and Persian, advanced research methods and basic and advanced teaching methods. Educational needs of faculty members of nursing and midwifery were English conversation, how to submit papers to non-native journals, digital library, clinical teaching methods and new methods of teaching. Educational needs of basic sciences faculty members were basic and advanced teaching methods, scientific writing, English, teaching skills, method for collecting electronic books, and deliver a successful English presentation. Educational needs of faculty members of the health and Paramedical sciences schools included: advanced search in electronic resources and search engines, advanced teaching methods, digital library, English conversation, and using analytical tools. Some of the educational needs were common in different groups. However, there were some discrepancies based on experience, expertise, clinical educational and managerial roles. Determination and prioritization of the educational needs of faculty members of different schools can be an important step in designing their educational programs to fit expertise and professional needs and promoting the quality of teaching.

Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) is a kind of simulation in which an actual component of a closed-loop control system is tested within computer-based real-time simulation of the rest of the system. In a conventional HIL simulation, the hardware is an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in which electronic control signals are communicated between the hardware and the software. But, HIL simulation of a mechanical component, within a closed-loop control system, requires additional sensors and actuators named transfer systems. The transfer systems are used to connect the software and hardware parts. The HIL simulation can achieve unstable behavior or inaccurate results due to unwanted time-delay dynamic of the transfer systems. In this paper, a test bench is implemented for the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the fuel control unit (FCU) of a gas turbine engine. The FCU is an electro-hydraulic actuator of the fuel control system. In a real engine, the FCU contains a miniature gear-type liquid-fuel pump which is driven at a fraction of the engine rotor speed mechanically by gears. In the HIL simulation, the engine is simulated numerically and an electric motor is employed to drive the pump of the FCU. The real-time simulation of the gas turbine engine thermodynamic model is implemented on an industrial personal computer with an input/output board in connection with the electro-hydraulic system. There is time-delay in the forward path of the fuel control system due to the use of flowmeter for measuring the outlet flow rate of the FCU in HIL simulation. According to extensive experimental works, the AC motor’s lag dynamics has no considerable effect on the HIL testing, and the flowmeter is the only additional transfer system of which the dynamic effect needs to be mitigated. The results show instability of the hardware-in-the-loop simulation due to unwanted time-delay of the flowmeter. Therefore, a model-based predictor is designed for time-delay compensation of the flowmeter. The consistency of the experimental real-time simulation and off-line simulation shows the applicability of the presented method for mitigating the effect of unwanted dynamic of the transfer system in the HIL simulation.

Direct injection diesel engine offers the benefit of better fuel economy over gasoline engine. Diesel engine with electronic control of high pressure, multiple injections per cycle, 4 valves per cylinder, turbocharged with intercooled, cooled EGR or SCR and DPF have now become the key features to meet the upcoming emissions in India. This paper describes the work done on multi-cylinder diesel engine to meet the requirements of Bharat stage 5 emissions and has the potential to meet Euro6 emission norms. Vehicle simulation model developed by using AVL cruise software was used to find out the engine steady state speed-load point’s equivalent to Bharat stage 5 emission test cycle. Engine emission development was done on test bench using these speed-load points. Engine was optimized with new hardware, namely piston bowl with reduced compression ratio, high capacity EGR cooler and turbocharger to attain the desired emission level. Diesel oxidation catalyst and coated diesel particulate filter (cDPF) loading were optimized to reach Bharat stage 5 emission norms. Vehicle with Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) with average 60% conversion efficiency has the potential to meet Euro6 norms.

The aim of this study was to design, Constructand evaluate an electronic system for control of the forward speed control in 7000 series sugarcane harvesters. The conventional method of control for the forward speed of sugarcane harvester in 7000 series is mechanical. The new electronic control system was developed to replace the traditional mechanical control system. MotorStepper, drivers, micro-controller, joystick and potentiometer were used to program microcontrollers as well as C programming in code-vision. The new control system was evaluated during two series of tests. To determine the strength of the maneuverability of the harvesting machine, the first test was conducted using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. The maneuverability was compared for mechanical and electronic control systems under different engine rpm. The location error at stoppage time in respect to the baseline was measured as basis for maneuverability. In the second test the response time was compared with a completely randomized design in two systems. The statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the control systems in 1% probability level. The maneuverability of harvester equipped with electronic control system increased significantly and it was not affected by the changes in engine rpm (forward speed). In the second test the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the control systems in 5% probability level. Electronic forward speed control system resulted in reaction speed, and device maneuverability, ease of maintenance and use, a reduction in mechanical parts usage and finally the proper functioning of the system.

The Control valve of the hydraulic pump of MF285 tractor is a sliding type and installed at the pump inlet. This causes the draft control system couldn't react on time to changes in soil conditions and consequently the tractive efficiency decreases. In this research a new control valve was designed and constructed that can be installed at the pump outlet, with electronic control capability and for use in the electro-hydraulic hitch control system. In order to ensure the correct operation of the control valve, the effects of two control valves (electronic and mechanical) under three engine speed(rpm) levels and three oil pressure levels on flow rate of the hydraulic pump were assessed by conducting a completely randomized design. The results showed that the effect of engine speed, oil pressure and their interaction were significant (P<0.01) but the effect of control valve type and its interactions with other treatments were not significant. At all pressure levels, the flow rate increased with increasing engine rpm. Also, a significant linear relationship was observed between the pump flow and engine speed. The results of transient response tests of electro-hydraulic control system to step input in raising and lowering positions showed that the control system followed the system input with a suitable speed. And after reaching the steady state, kept the height of the device in the range of the death zone (± 2 cm).

Due to the low efficiency of internal combustion engines, a large part of the chemical energy of the fuel they consume is dissipated to the environment as heat through a cooling system. Unfortunately, most engines still use the classic cooling system, which is practically unable to cool the engine optimally unnder different operating conditions, and this category increases fuel consumption and increases emissions from engines. Therefore, in this paper, first, a classic cooling system was tested and its performance recorded. Then, in the cooling system of the same engine, a mechanical water pump and mechanical thermostat were respectively replaced with electric water pump and an electronic thermostat. After this upgrade, the engine was tested under the same conditions as the classic mode, and its results were compared with the results obtained from the classic system. The results illustrated that if a good and complete program is used to control the electric water pump and electronic thermostat, fuel consumption was reduced by at least 1.19% and at most 4.33% compared to the classic system in addition to increasing the lifespan of engine parts. In addition, the engine warm-up time was reduced by a minimum of 6.25% and a maximum of 18.84%. Moreover, HC and NO pollution in most tests showed a minimum of 15.32% and a maximum of 70% and a minimum of 9.28% and a maximum of 46.58%, respectively.

In the information economy, continuous control of electronic invoice data and its connection with financial and monetary transactions is very important for rulers. The main beneficiaries of this digital ecosystem in the world of monetary and financial data exchange are the tax authorities who, by formulating correct and transformative goals and strategies, achieve the missions related to tax revenue collection and regulation.  In this article, based on a systematic review of 75 countries and an overview of the various methods of receiving big data in digital taxation, electronic invoicing, and information systems, a comprehensive conceptual framework for improving the success in governance and management of digital tax data in receiving invoices is presented. Taxpayers' electronic files have been provided to tax departments. Based on the structure and position of the concepts of the fourth industrial revolution, the digital economy and the pyramid of knowledge, this research, by examining the financial and tax data compliance tools, identifies a conceptual framework for monitoring by policy makers when designing digital tax compliance solutions for tax authorities. It shows the issues of issuing, sending and validating electronic invoices with ten models and presents the best implementation model for the tax decision support system for designing knowledge-based governance in a tax base data system. This framework can also serve as a reference point for the successful development of strategies and actions to initiate a digital tax system.

Positioned at the wave-crest of material disappearances and the foreclosure of corresponding modes of thought, this essay develops the notion of subaltern objects at the intersection of materiality and absence. In doing so, the essay illustrates how two projects of epistemic overhaul working as dislocated and unacknowledged parts of a vast two-handed engine within Europe and on the colonial frontier subalternized facets of that bio-habitat that did not retain a mark of their past, impeding them from acting as agents of temporalization within our modern linear temporal structures. The essay argues that such linear structures are partly centered on the succession of technological objects and their “development,” one out of another, in a chronological order (e.g., from print to electronic to digital mediums). That is, a movement from few simple to increasingly more complex technological objects that establishes progress-as-history. The essay concludes by considering what a politics of radical absences might mean and how it could be linked to an alternative schema to progress/development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .