The phenomenon of dust is a serious environmental problem in dry and semi dry regions. It has a destructive effect for the residents of such regions. Over two-thirds of Iran is in areas of dry and semi-dry climate conditions.
In this research, dust fall measurements were taken in 41 stations across Yazd city using a marble dust collector (MDCO) located in different parts of the city. Next, the chemical characteristics of dust were determined using the XRF method. Finally, levels of dust fall across the 4 seasons of the year and status of the constituent elements of dust were determined through ArcGIS software and the Kriging technique. The Raster calculator function was used to make determinations of the effects of dust fall at each of the stations over the course of the year. Remote sensing system, along with maps taken from Landsat and the band combination technique were processed using ENVI software to extract vegetation density and building density maps of the studied region.
Results showed that spring had the highest level of dust fall with a value of 200 g/cm2. In total, in 109 km2 of the studied region had average dust fall of 110 g/m2 that contributed to 12 057 tons of dust over Yazd city in 2015. The constituent elements of the dust fall according to decreasing amounts were as follows: Si>Ca>Al>C>Mg>Fe>K>Na>S>Ti>Cl>P>Mn>Sr>Zn.
These results indicate accuracy of the Kriging technique for application in dust zoning. The factors of vegetation and green space were determined as effective on adsorbing dust. Increased building density and height of buildings also contributed to development of dust fall.

Dust-fall particles originated of soils' wind erosion are considered as air pollution factors which displace some amount of earth surface materials throughout the atmosphere and consequently downgrade environmental quality evaluable using various indices. In this study contents of the two metals of Fe and Mn alongside with the six metals of Ni, Cr, Ag, As, Cu, Zn were obtained using furnace and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively, in the samples of dust-fall collected for one year with 10 days intervals from three cities of western Iran (Andimeshk, Khorramabad and Sanandaj) having different latitudes. Then, level of pollution for these heavy metals in the obtained samples were evaluated in using EF (Enrichment Factor), Eri (Ecological Risk), PLI (Pollution Load Index) and CD (Coefficient of Divergence) indices. The results revealed high level of pollution danger for Ag and Cu in the dust-fall of the three cities by EF and Eri indices. Moreover, PLI index confirmed more heavy metals pollution for Sanandaj dust-fall. Additionally, CD index showed more similarity between Khorramabad and Andimeshk considering heavy metals concentration measured during sampling period while the level of heavy metals pollution in the three cities were the highest for winter.

Dust storms often occur in arid and semiarid regions of the world and carry a huge quantity of materials; hence, they are recognized as one of the most important environmental issues on regional and international scales. This study aimed to evaluate the heavy metal content of dust-fall particles in the cities of Sanandaj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk in western Iran. Sampling the dust-fall particles was conducted every 10 days from 20 June 2012 over one year simultaneously in these three stations using the Deposit Gauge Method and the concentration of metals was measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Fe and Mn and Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Zn, Cu, As, Ag, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni . Pollution levels for the heavy metals were then evaluated using the Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) and Index Enrichment Factor (EF). The results obtained for the Igeo index and EF index demonstrated that levels of Ag and Cu pollution among the dust-fall particles from the three stations were higher than for other heavy metals, while concentrations of other heavy metals were not evaluated as contaminant. Although the mean of dust-fall particles on area unit in Sanandaj station was less than Khorramabad and Andimeshk, heavy metal concentrations among the sampled dust-fall particles was relatively higher. The highest amount of dust falling on a unit area was obtained from Andimesh station, more than at the Khorramabad station and, lastly, the Sanandaj station. Moreover, the maximum and minimum levels of dustfall descending on the three stations were obtained in May and January respectively.

The purpose of this study was to evaluated the origin of the heavy metals amongst nuisance dust particles in Sanandaj, Khorrmabad and Andimeshk cities located in different latitudes in western Iran for the dustiest year during last decade. Samples of dust-fall particles were collected with 10 days intervals from these three cities for the duration of June 2012 to July 2013 using Deposit Gauge Method. Concentration of the heavy metals including iron, manganese, zinc, copper, arsenic, chromium, silver, nickel, lead and cadmium were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Quantification of Contamination index (QC) was applied to evaluate the origin of heavy metals among dust-fall particles collected in three stations. The results revealed that the annual mean rate of dust-fall was 1.73, 2.66 and 3.37 g/m2 per 10 days for Sanandaj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk, respectively. The highest and the lowest amount of dust-fall were obtained for July and February, respectively, while Fe had the highest concentration among the metals studied. The temperature and wind speed were found to be the most correlated meteorological parameters to dust-fall content throughout the three stations. According to QC index; Ag, Cu, Cd, As, Pb, Mn and Zn (except Pb and Mn for Andimeshk) were derived mainly from similar origins such as anthropogenic activities but the increased values of Fe, Ni, and Cr were ascribed to natural processes. Furthermore, Cu had the highest correlation with other heavy metals measured and was determined the most stable metal amongst dust-fall particles for the three studied stations.

The phenomenon of dust has caused many environmental problems in the western half of Iran. Therefore, recognition of this phenomenon from two aspects of quantity and quality is necessary. This study investigates the ions ratios as well as the morphology of dust particles in order to determine the possible sources involved in dust-fall. Sampling was carried out for one year through the passive method in Sanandaj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk cities.the measured components using Ion Chromatography were evaluated by Cl-/Na+, Mg2+/Na+, and NO3-/SO42- ratios.The resulted data were also analyzed using Exel-2016 and Spss-ver 23 softwares. The results showed that calcium ion has got more percentage average in comparison with other cations in the three stations (3.684%, 5.488%, 4.444%). An-ions have similar average percentages for the three stations. High percentages of ions in dust-fall confirm soil origin and role of evaporites in dust-fall phenomenon. Average of Cl-/Na+ in Sanandaj and Andimeshk stations (0.432, 0.815) were found to be less than seawater standards (1.17). Mg2+/Na+ ratio was higher than the standard of seawater ratio (0.23) for the three stations. Investigation of ratios of the measured ions also showed that dust-fall particles are originated from drylands (transboundary and inland dust production areas) particularly wetlands currently dried because of drought condition and during transportation, by air flows admixtion of ions by different actions are face changes, reactions , and fluctuations. The size of dust were likely to get small by diverging of their shaping origians (transboundary dusts).So the average of dusts size were sanandaj 7.9, Khorramabad 8.9 , and andimeshk 10.6 micrometer. Morphology of the particles was round sphere, semi-sphere , and angular shapes.

Dust events are common air pollution events in parts of the world in arid, semiarid, or desert areas. During the last years, air quality of Kerman city has been deteriorated due to urban and industrial development as well as population growth.. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dust fall events in Kerman city. The British Jar Test assembly method was applied. Sampling sites were located in seven spots of the city. Forty two dust fall samples were monthly collected during 6 months (May-November, 2009). All test methods have been adopted from the ASTM guideline and Air Sampling Method and Analysis text. Dust fall concentrations were analyzed as a function of times, locations and meteorological parameters. The results showed that the maximum total dust fall (TDF) was 24.42 g/m2.month and the minimum 6.56 g/m2.month at Resallat square station and Shahab Avenue, respectively. The average of monthly concentration of TDF had its maximum in the fifth period (Sept-Oct) which was 17.44 g/m2.mon. The average of monthly concentration of TDF had its minimum in the fourth period (Aug-Sep) which was 11.9 g/m2.mon. TDF average concentration in the 6 month period of taking sample was 14.41 g/m2.mon. To sum up, there was no significant association between variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and dust concentration, whereas a significant association was found between precipitation variable and dust concentration. One –Way ANOVA Test demonstrated meaningful difference between mean of the TDF values in different stations and sampling period.

Dust particles moved by air streams influence the quality of the environment. Chemical compounds of these particles are influential on the life’s quality of the residents of every region. Dust fall particles originat-ed from the soil erosion has caused many problems for the residents of western Iran during recent years. Iran’s geographical location in the vicinity of Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia, where are major sources of dust, alongside issues such as climate change are among the roots for making and worsening this critical phenomenon. Hence, investigation and recognition of characteristics of this phenomenon including chemical characteristics of it may help the adaptation of pre-emptive measures and reaching scientific clues to control harms of this phenomenon. The main objective of this study was to compare the concentration of soluble ions in dust fall particles among various latitudes in western Iran.

Simultaneous samplings were conducted monthly for one year in three cities i.e. Sanan-daj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk using the passive method. The obtained data were then analyzed by Excel and SPSS v.23. For comparison of chemical characteristics of the dust fall particles, Coefficient of Divergence (CD) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (MRT) were applied.

The results showed that calcium and sulfate with a concentration of 0.271 and 0.592 mg.g-1, respectively, had the highest concentration among the studied dust fall samples. High calcium concentra-tion confirmed that the dust fall on the three stations had natural origins, which were mainly calcareous soils and geological formations. Additionally, a high concentration of sulfate implied a share of evaporated sediments, par-ticularly gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate), among the studied dust fall particles. Calculation of CD also showed that chemical characteristics of dust falls in the three stations were mostly similar (CD > 0.5). Correlation of CD between cations in Sanandaj and Khorramabad and the wind factor (r= 0.99, p> 0.05), anions of Sanandaj and Andimeshk and rainfall (r= 1, p> 0.01) and moisture factors (r= 0.89, p> 0.05), respectively, demonstrated that the meteorological factors influence chemical characteristics of dust fall particles. MRT also showed that sodium as a highly soluble element had different concentrations throughout the three stations in the spring season (> 0.05). Moreover, compounds such as CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, NaCl, KF and CaF2 were found in the three stations, which confirmed the presence of gypsum, anhydrite, and halite in the dust fall particles.

Environmental conditions in various latitudes influence the chemical characteristics of dust fall par-ticles from various aspects. Nevertheless, values and changes in the concentration of soluble ions in the dust fall including Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ cations and NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, and F- anions in the three stations of Sanandaj, Khorramabad, and Andimeshk were mainly similar. Hence, it can be concluded that the dust fall on the three stud-ied cities originated from the same sources.

Nuisance dust particles have emerged as a significant environmental concern within the Middle Eastern region. The principal aim of this research was to conduct an extensive investigation into the physical and chemical attributes of dust-fall particles located within the city of Sulaymaniyah, northeastern Iraq. Over a period of six months, a total of 72 dust-fall particle samples were systematically gathered from three distinct stations, with intervals of seven days. In addition to quantitative analysis, this study included detailed morphological examinations and mineralogical composition assessments, facilitated through the application of analytical methodologies, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The outcomes of these analytical procedures revealed predominantly irregular shapes of the dust particles, characterized by the presence of quartz and calcite minerals, confirming their natural origin due to wind-driven erosion originating from the arid desert landscapes of Iraq and its neighboring southern and western countries. Moreover, this investigation extended to encompass a comprehensive evaluation of both water-soluble and insoluble fractions, in addition to the overall concentration levels of alkali and alkaline earth metals including sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Furthermore, the levels of heavy metals of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) were investigated. The extent of pollution associated with these elements was assessed through the application of the Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) which revealed that, during the study, calcium, magnesium, and copper demonstrated noticeable levels of contamination within the dust-fall particles of Sulaymaniyah city.

Human can live without food and water for many days but they can not live without breathing Air more than a few minutes. Then, Air Pollution is a Problem that additional must attended. Many countries have developed search work and Programs to Control air pollution. There are a lot of industrial activities that lead to the trace element and particles in the air in Yazd city. This study was descriptive and Cross- Sectional. The amount of dust fall in the Air of Yazd was determined and also the amount of arsenic in dust fall was determined. In this study, The Sampling was done from 30 August 2009 to 10 March 2010 at four 1 month's Periods in Jomhuri bulvard, Homafar Square, Shahid Behesti Square, Seyd GoleSorkh Ave, and Aiatollah kashani Street by Jar method. The amount of Arsenic was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption. The Maximum mean of Arsenic in dust fall was in the second Period equal to 10.677±3.133 μg/kg and the minimum mean of Arsenic was in the Fourth Period equal to 3.066 ±1.205 μg/kg. The maximum value was related to Jumhori Eslamic Bolvard equal to 15. 086 μg/kg and the minimum value was related to shahid Beheshti square equal to 1.134μg/kg. Comparison of means the P-value=.062 for different periods and the P-value=.389 for different station was obtained. These was shown that there is no meaningful difference between the Arsenic value in different periods and station. The maximum value of arsenic was observed in the second period of sampling, which is related to enhancement of traffic in city and decrease of air humidity. In addition, the maximum value was in Jumhori Eslamic Bolvard station that is due to existence of industrial factories of in these areas.

Emission of dust-fall particles in western Iran has been considered as one of the most important environmental issues in recent years. Additionally, presence of heavy metal in these particles due to their toxicity and health problems has been an issue of interest by researches. Therefore evaluation of the contamination level of this kind of pollution and then determination of proper management strategies for controlling their emission is very important. In fact, the main scope of this research was to evaluate the contamination level of heavy metals in dust-fall particulates precipitated in western Iran using Geo-accumulation index (Igeo). In this research these particles were sampled through passive deposit gauge method for a period of one year, from April 2010 to March 2011, in Sanandaj city, western Iran, where has been reportedly the third highly polluted city of the world in 2010 for dust-fall particles. The results demonstrated that mean ± SD of the concentration of heavy metals were 14003.570±915.3 for Fe, 497.731±29.817 for Mn, 61.307±5.414 for Cu and 18.287±1.955 for As in mg/Kg based on dry weights of dustfall particles. Also the analysis of the Geo-accumulation index showed that the maximum amounts of Igeo values were -1.751 for Fe, -0.63 for Mn, 0.848 for Cu and 1.249 for As, which were evaluated as uncontaminated for Fe and Mn and moderate contamination Cu and As.