In this study, to evaluate the eco-environment value of 500 pixels around the city of Tabriz in the East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, as well as 500 pixels around the city of Rasht in Gilan Province, Iran, which have different climates, the Eco-environment Background Value index (EBV) has been investigated using soft computations and remote sensing tools to determine the eco-environment value of the areas. For modeling, indicators including vegetation index, soil wetness index, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data collected using remote sensing tools as well as data on precipitation and temperature obtained using ground-based weather stations were exploited as input into the three-layer back propagation based artificial neural network (BPANN) model. The average of the data for the past 8 years for these indicators, once seasonally for four seasons and once annually for the regions under study around Tabriz and Rasht, entered the network. The results indicated a better performance of the network for Tabriz region in the spring with root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.0219 and R = 0.9961. It seems that the better network performance for Tabriz compared to Rasht could be due to the weakness of the remote sensing tool in examining areas like Gilan, which has a dense vegetation and high atmospheric humidity. It seems that the high vegetation density and high humidity impede proper reflection without deviation from the land surface and disrupts the reception of the required data.

Wetlands as bird habitats play an important crucial role in the socio-environmental system. Water restriction which resulted from high water losses in agriculture caused drying up wetlands in arid regions. Eco-environment water right could appropriately be improved by agricultural demand management in the region. The purpose of this study was to not only evaluate the efficiency of different scenarios for the management of agricultural water improvement including "modernization and upgrading agricultural water distribution systems", "improvement of irrigation systems performance in farms", "crop pattern optimization" and "reducing groundwater resource withdrawal" but also the combination of these scenarios to save the eco-environment water right for the wetlands. For this purpose, Zayandehroud watershed, consisting of six irrigation networks and Gavkhuni wetland was selected as the case study. The WEAP software used to model an integrated water management. Additionally, the efficiency of the scenarios evaluated and the reliability index for these scenarios obtained. The results displayed that the most flexible scenario was the implementation of all scenarios with flexibility index of 87.3% followed by “modernization and upgrading agricultural water distribution systems”, “crop pattern optimization” and “reducing groundwater resource withdrawal” with a flexibility index of 81.6% The least flexibility index belonged to the two scenarios of "improvement of irrigation systems performance in farms ", "crop pattern optimization" with a 2.2% and 2.6% value for the flexibility index. Therefore, the implementation of the combination of all management scenarios for agricultural water demand could be the most sustainable solution for the restoration of Gavkhuni wetland.

Socio-economic development and preservation of ecological environments are crucially reciprocal challenges to human growth. The main purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationships between economic activity and the eco-environment in the Federation of Russia. If we characterize the current state of the Russian economy and social sphere, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the economy and social structure today clearly do not meet the criteria of environmental preservation. In the process of globalization, Russia is forced to develop economically in order to be competitive in the world arena. In addition, the constant social conflicts in society in the 90s were a kind of "lesson" of what the inconsistent steps of the government in the field of economic and social sphere management can lead to. However, in order to take any action today to improve the state of the Russian economy and improve the environmental considerations as well as the life of ordinary people, one should consider the current problems in these areas.

Environmental crisis in the present era have led man to seek fundamental solutions to overcome these crisis and their consequences. Ecofeminism as an approach branching from feminism with Eco environmental beliefs attempts to change the beliefs that are merely after managing the consequences of the environmental crisis.  Eco feminists regard endless developing oriented beliefs of men as the main reason for the destruction of the environment and they are after finding ways to equalize the standpoint of women with men and prevent men to carry out their dominant intentions.  The relationship of women with nature, the connection between dominance over woman and nature, and the role of women in solving the ecological problems are among the main tenets of Eco feminism.  As an epic masterpiece, Shahnameh has exerted significant influence over the Persians thought and culture and its study with the Ecofeministic eye could prove beneficial.  Relying on the library sources and employing descriptive analytic method this article aims to examine the mourning and weeping of women (Tahmineh, Farangis, and Katayun) in Shahnameh from the perspective of Ecofeminism.  The outcome of the research is that this mourning in most cases is feminine device to stand against the dominance of men, and their hunger for development and expansion; expansion which is closely connected with the war and destruction of the environment and in this regard it goes hand in hand with eco feministic purposes.

Sustainable design is one of the important subjects of the contemporary era that can be traced in many categories; this current trend is considered a logical response caused by industrial age. In this article sustainable development is considered as the fundamental principle and it is presented in the urban landscape in such a wide environment that includes all aspects of life, such as society, culture, eco-environment, economy and welfare. The foundation of the mentioned issues are all based on designing sustainable landscape that exists on the green zones of Gilan, the Caspian border, and near Anzali's Lagoon. In addition, its governing policy, contemplating the definition of sustainable development, lagoon recognition as a manifestation of the urban landscape, discussion and analysis of sustainable design techniques, are explained as the need for sustainable design in relation with urban landscapes. This is followed by a brief reference to a sample design of a case resort around the Anzali lagoon. As for the present case, after drawing the present condition, with a pathological approach, the city and lagoon's facilities and restrictions are examined side by side; furthermore foreign examples of similar scale have been taken into account matching the case with the climate, environmental consideration, identity requirements and cultural issues, opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses are analyzed in the matrix form of SWOT. The intervention of various factors of structure, function, and process are monitored and measured. Setting strategic priorities, short, medium, and long term executive actions are part of the case study achievements of Anzali lagoon.

Urban development as a new component of the existing natural ecosystem transforms the ecological function, and deteriorate its quality and ecosystem services. The negative impacts of these changes shall be minimized and accessibility and the experience of the natural environment by the people shall continue. Enhancing the experience of the natural environment by the residents of a city affects their mental, spiritual and physical health and, by influencing the environmental awareness, knowledge and attitudes, encourages the pro-environmental and protective behavior. Eco-revelation, with an emphasis on improving the quality of the natural environment, reconsidering the impacts of human activities on ecological health levels and facilitating the perception and experience of the people from it, is one of the most appropriate approaches in response to this issue.The main purpose of this paper is to measure the impacts of the built environment on eco-revelation quality of the environment. For this purpose, we have selected two residential areas with different urban forms within the city of Tehran and in the vicinity of the Darakeh River valley. The first area has been organically created over time as a village and the second area has been planned and designed based on urban planning and regulations. The location of these two areas in the vicinity of the river valley has caused research samples to have approximately similar ecological qualities. We have used a questionnaire survey to determine the eco-revelation quality, i.e. perception of the households living in these two residential areas of natural environment quality. The perception of households was measured using a Likert scale. Moreover, some questions were asked to determine the knowledge of nearby residents from living species was. In last part of the questionnaire, demographic factors such as age, sex, duration of residence, ownership, education and childhood experiences were also requested. The results indicated that the eco-revelation quality was significantly different between the two studied areas, despite their relatively similar natural and ecological characteristics. The perceptual experiences of people varied significantly for all aspects of eco-revelation, except for naturalness. The perception of changing seasons and entertainment along with the imageability of the natural environment has had the greatest impact on the difference between two studied residential areas in terms of eco-revelation. In addition, enhancing eco-revelation quality will result in increasing the awareness and knowledge of individuals. That means that people with a higher perception of eco-revelation quality have more knowledge about plants and animal species. This suggests that the organic environment versus the planned environment dramatically enhances the opportunity to experience the natural environment, and the eco-revelation quality in this kind of environment that is intertwined and connected with nature is much higher. Eco-revelation quality has to be assessed as one of the essential qualities of the environment and accordingly, the built environment shall be designed to maintain ecological functions of the natural environment and to increase ecological perceptual experience and awareness.

Eco-efficiency is critical for organisations that seek to be both environmentally conscious and profitable. It helps to "produce more out of less" to avoid wasting natural resources and to reduce emissions and damage to the environment. The textile coating and laminating industry, utilising solvent or water-based polymeric mixtures, is one of the industries coming under extreme environmental pressure to replace traditional procedures and use eco-efficient coating agents. In this study, eco-efficiency analysis was used to compare the eco-effectiveness of two different coating agents, polyacrylate and polyurethane, each in organic solution as well as aqueous dispersion forms. The "ecological fingerprint" and eco-efficiency portfolio were graphically illustrated for these coating agents based on the customer benefit, defined as coating one square meter of a textile fabric in a conventional laminating unit. According to the analysis results, polyacrylate dispersion in water was the most eco-efficient coating agent whilst polyurethane resin dissolved in organic solvent was found as the coating agent with the least acceptability as an eco-efficient product.

Eco-innovation is any innovation that leads to sustainable development by limiting the negative impact of production activities on the environment, increasing the resilience of nature to loads or ensuring greater efficiency and responsibility in the use of natural resources. Eco-innovations are the opportunity for enterprises. Their introduction contributes to reducing the costs of doing business, allows you to take advantage of new opportunities development and positively affects the company's image. The main goal of the research is to recognize the situation and the level of eco-innovation in Poland, including the micro, small and medium enterprises sector and to compare the obtained results with the ones from European Union countries. The result of the research is indicating the barriers and opportunities to support the development of eco-innovation in the micro, small and medium enterprises sector in Poland. Lack of financial resources for eco-innovation was indicated as the largest barrier by MSMEs in Poland. The most significant barriers to eco-innovation in Poland are mainly of an economic nature, including the high cost of implementation, difficult access to capital, uncertain return on investment and the weak system of economic and fiscal incentives encouraging eco-innovation.

The present research paper seeks to apply Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s eco-phenomenology to the selected poems composed by Frank O’Hara, the prominent figure of the New York School of Poetry. 'Eco-phenomenology' is where philosophy and ecology meet. This relatively new vogue of criticism deals with environmental issues from a phenomenological perspective. Dismantling Cartesian dualism and proposing the philosophy of 'chiasm,' Merleau-Ponty has contributed substantially to environmental ethics and has proved himself an inseparable part of eco-phenomenology.Although the New York School of Poetry is considered urban in nature, this article intends to study several poems composed by Frank O’Hara, in the light of eco-phenomenology in order to challenge the reductive features of being urban and unaware of the natural environment, ascribed to this poetic movement, by binging to the fore a fissure within this poetry that expresses an awareness of a broader phenomenological world, comprising both the humans and the non-humans. Conducting textual and contextual analyses, this study applies the chiasmic ontology of Merleau-Ponty to the selected poems with the focus on the mutual participation between human flesh and the ‘flesh of the world’ at moments of perception in order to manifest the depth of O'Hara's engagement with the natural environment.

Eco-museums in today’s world comprise a new form of museum to counteract the emergence of new threats to human identity, society and the environment. Eco-museum is a living natural site that showcases the natural identity of a region or nation. Also, local communities would be able to use these museums to interpret, protect and manage their natural and cultural heritage. Due to their nature, eco-museums, may create jobs and prosperity for local people and provide maintenance and conservation incentives towards sustainable development. In this paper, the role of eco-museums and their positive impact on environmental protection is examined for which we used a literature-based deductive approach. The results show that humans attempt to use the vast resources of the environment to cater for their needs and to prosper. However, in many cases these activities cause destruction and harm to the environment. Environmental crises require that people become aware of the correct relationship with the environment for their survival and improving their living standards.  Humans should also acquire correct visions to protect and improve the quality of the environment, if they desire sustainable development, and in this context eco-museums gain special importance.