Potato, Solanum tuberosom, an annual plant of the Solanaceae family is one of the important crop plants and food. This review is based on genetic engineering researches which has been conducted on this plant untill now. A variety the of transgenic potato plants which have been created to improve its agronomic characteristics, adaptation to the environment, resistance to abiotic stresses, resistance to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, resistance to pests, production of recombinant proteins and edible vaccines are described.

At present، vaccines against certain diseases available in the market are very costly. Alternatively، efforts are being made to produce edible vaccines which are cheap and have many advantages over the commercialized vaccines. Transgenic plants generated for this purpose are capable of expressing recombinant proteins including viral and bacterial antigens and antibodies. Recently، plants with high food value have been chosen as expression systems. Many of them can be eaten raw، eliminating the need for processing and purification. Common food plants like banana، tomato، rice، carrot، etc. have been used to produce vaccines against certain diseases like hepatitis B، cholera، HIV، etc. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.

In recent decades, microalgae biotechnology has become one of the most valuable sources of functional feed additives. Many microalgae are considered beneficial in aquaculture, because as nutritional supplements, they increase immunity-enhancing abilities, resistance to infectious diseases, and tolerance to environmental stress. Some of them are non-toxic and rich in antioxidants, so that they can be investigated as a drug carrier for humans or animals. Currently, there are successful cases of using microalgae to produce edible vaccines in the aquaculture industry. . Most of the recombinant vaccines are produced based on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii species. However, few commercial vaccines are available. It is also unclear how microalgae or their bioactive compounds may induce signals in the immune system of aquatic species. This article aims to collect published research on the potential of microalgae in the production of recombinant vaccines for aquaculture. In order to provide ideas for the development of recombinant microalgae oral vaccines in the future.

Molecular farming, or bio-pharming, has recently received much of attention for production of valuable recombinant proteins, with a few already being marketed. The use of whole plants for synthesis of pharmaceutical proteins offers various advantages in economy, scalability and safety over conventional production systems. GM plants are suitable for the inexpensive production of large amounts of functional, recombinant macromolecules, such as blood substitutes, vaccines, anti-cancer antibodies, plasma proteins, enzymes, cytokines and growth factors, and the expressed proteins, ranging from the smallest antigen-binding domains, to full-length, and even multi-meric proteins, are almost comparable to their mammalian counterparts. Delivery of a biopharmaceutical product by direct ingestion of the modified food crops removes the need for purification. Such biopharmaceuticals and edible vaccines can be stored and distributed as seeds, tubers, or fruits, making immunization programs in developing countries potentially cheaper and easier. It is anticipated that this technology has the potential to greatly benefit human health by making safe recombinant pharmaceuticals widely available. Here, we discuss facts, recent developments and perspectives of this field in detail.

Transgenic plastids offer unique advantages in plant biotechnology، including high-level foreign protein expression and posing lower environmental ricks. As regard to sequencing of lettuce plastid genome، many Homologous segments can be used for vector designing to production recombinant proteins in this plant. We have described the development of a plastid transformation system for lettuce، (Lactuca sativa L. TN-96-39-B). The transforming DNA carries a betaine aldehyde -resistance gene BADH cassette (lettuce rrn promoter-BADH- lettuce psbA terminator) under control of lettuce chloroplast regulatory expression elements، flanked by two adjacent lettuce plastid genome sequences allowing its targeted insertion between the rbcL and accD genes. This system will open up new possibilities for the efficient production of plasma proteins، enzymes، growth factors، recombinant edible vaccines and antibodies in lettuce.

ransgenic plastids offer unique advantages in plant biotechnology, including high-level foreign protein expression and reducing environmental contamination risks. Here, the development of a specific plastid vector for lettuce, (Lactuca sativa L. TN-96-39), was described using of rbcl and accD as target fragments, Prrn promoter, psbA terminator and a gene cassette for antibiotic resistance. The species-specific vector for plastid transformation to Lactuca sativa, called pCL 96-39 (TN-96-39 (Iranian line) chloroplast plasmid), has been sequenced. Plastid transformation was optimized by biolistic bombardment. Transfomants were confirmed by PCR and also histochemical test for GUS protein production. Beta-glucoronidase production was confirmed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis in transformants. This system will open up new possibilities for the efficient production of edible vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and antibodies in plants.

In recent years, vaccination programs have advanced significantly due to the progress in molecular biology and biotechnology. Research on plant-made vaccines has become a very tempting subject and transgenic plant technology to produce human or animal vaccines has attracted much attention. Numerous advantages have been reported for vaccine production in transgenic plants such as low cost, ease of maintenance, lack of infection, and high compatibility with the immune system. So far, many of these vaccines are being produced in various plants. The present paper attempts to introduce plant made-vaccines and at the same time discuss the ethical aspects related to the production and clinical testing of these vaccines from three aspects: production of edible vaccines in transgenic plants, clinical tests on plant-made vaccines and plant-made vaccines and global health. Although many aspects of the ethical issues related to plant made vaccines are those that have been reported in transgenic plants, new problems have risen for ethicists and policy makers. Furthermore, the hope of the widespread use of these types of vaccines in developing countries without considering the possibility of plant surveys is unrealistic. Therefore, commercial feasibility for the development of plant-made vaccines in developing countries is very important as a solution to global health problems.

Newcastle disease, is one of the most important illnesses in the aviculture industry which shows a constant threat. In this case, the vaccine could be considered an important solution to prevent and control this disease. So, the development of a new and more effective vaccine against Newcastle disease is an urgent need. Immune informatics is an important field that provides insight into the experimental procedure and could facilitate the analysis of large amounts of immunological data generated by experimental research and help to design a new vaccine candidate.  This study is aimed at bioinformatics to investigate and select the most immunogenic and conserved epitopes derived from F and HN glycoproteins, which play a key role in pathogenesis and immunity. This strategy could cover a wide range of Newcastle disease viruses. For expression in both E. coli (as an injectable recombinant vaccine candidate) and maize plant (as an edible vaccine candidate) host, two constructs were designed and analyzed separately. Furthermore, the role of LTB as an effective bio-adjuvant for general eliciting of the immune system and simultaneous expressions with those two antigens was evaluated. Hence, here a multimeric recombinant protein with the abbreviation LHN2F from the highly immunogenic part of HN, F and LTB proteins were designed. The synthetic construct was analyzed based on different bioinformatics tools.  The proper immunogenicity and stability of this multimeric fusion protein have been shown by immunoinformatic methods from various servers. To confirm the function of the designed protein, the final molecule was docked to chicken MHC class I using the Pyrex-python 0.8 program. the results of Immune Epitope analysis were confirmed by the docking results between protein and receptor. ‎The results of structural and immunological computational studies proposed that the protein deduced from this novel construct could act as a vaccine candidate for Newcastle disease virus‎ control and prophylactic.

Infectious diseases account for more than 45% of total deaths in developing countries. Vaccination is the most effective means to prevent infectious diseases but current vaccine production methods are complex and expensive in technology. Such conditions make it impossible for a large part of the developing and poor countries to have access to vaccination. New strategies for producing vaccine subunits include the use of different systems, such as fermentation, bacteria and mammalian cells. But these systems have limitations, including development costs, Transportation and cooling systems, making them impractical. For this purpose, plant - derived vaccines are considered as a new perspective on the production of vaccines. In this method, small fragments of DNA encoding the epitope or antigen to be linked to the coat protein gene of the plant viruses. Then the recombinant virus is used to infect the plants. In this way, a wide range of plants have been used to produce vaccines against diseases. In this article, we describe the methods of producing oral vaccine using transgenic plants and the advantages and disadvantages of this technology.

Human epithelial growth factor receptor2 (Her2) and polymorphic epithelial mucin (MUC1) are tumor-associated antigens that have been extensively investigated in adenocarcinomas. Generally, each of these molecules was used separately for diagnosis of adenocarcinomas and as an injective vaccines in cancer therapy researches, but not in the chimeric form as an edible immunogen. In this study, Her2, MUC1, and a novel fusion structure were expressed in the seeds and hairy roots of transgenic plants appropriately. The mice groups were immunized either by feeding of transgenic seeds or hairy roots. All immunized groups showed a considerable rise in anti-glycoprotein serum IgG and IgA, and IFNɣ cytokine. However, the animals received chimeric protein showed significant higher immune responses in comparison to ones received one of these immunogen. The results indicated that the oral immunization of an animal model with transgenic plants could effectively elicit immune responses against two major tumor-associated antigens.