Insects are poikilothermes, hence environmentalfactors, and primarily temperature can affect their biological activities and behavior. In this study thermal range preferred by OoencyrtusfecundusFerrier &Voegelewas investigated by a device producing a thermal gradient from 16 to47ºC. Temperature of different parts of the arena was precisely recorded by eight thermometers entered the arena from marginal walls of the apparatus. Three entries were prepared in cold, middle and warm areas of the device. In order to exclude possible tendencies of the release point, experiment was done three times each from an entry. Twenty wasps were released each time and number of the parasitoids as well as current temperature of any part was recorded after 5, 15 and 30 minutes. The highest frequency of the wasp (89.25%) was occurred in a spectrum of 23.47-29.54 ºC while 46.66% of them were assembled in center of the arena where mean temperature was 26.03 ºC. Wasp's distribution was affected by release point as significant discrepancies were observed between all pairs of the experiments. The results revealed that the wasp searches for the sites withdesirable temperaturesby limited locomotionbut avoid further movements as soon as it finds tolerable temperature.

Rural housing manifests biological and livelihood practices and ultimately effective environmentalfactors and forces and trends of Socio-economic impact in giving shape to them. Any changes insettlement patterns and housing in rural communities, causes an extensive transformation and developments in various aspects of the rural households. Thus, changing in the architecture of rural housing requires thoughtful planning and knowledge-based scientific studies. Regarding the importance of housing as one of the basic needs, the government adopted policies for the improvement of rural housings. So, after the Islamic revolution occurred in early 1980 in Iran, planning for improvement of housing condition in rural areas became one the most important concerns for the Iranian Governments due to the incommensurate and substandard housing in rural areas and several development plans were employed. One of these programs is providing facilities to reinforce and upgrade the quality of rural housing, which during this trend led to significant physical developments in rural buildings. Accordingly, this article examines the impact of housing facilities on reinforcing rural housing and also architectural patterns used in Sarjam village located in Ahmadabad district in Mashhad County. The question is that “how much did these government facilities improve reinforcement and architecture of housing in these rural areas? The research method in this paper is descriptive- analytical based on statistical tests of Spearman and Kyodo. Gathering information was done using Library and Survey or field method research methods. Software used in this study includes EXCEL, SPSS, and Auto cad. The sample size consists of the villages above 20 households in rural area of Sarjam village who received facilities from 2006 to 2010, and the project covered about 223 households that were selected using classification probability sampling. Cochran method was used to determine sample size which was estimated to be 141 household. The results show that housing facilities led to reinforcing the rural housing and enjoying health services. But according to the same plan type offered by the Housing Foundation as the responsible authority and not considering the economic, cultural, physical and geographical qualities of the area; these facilities have vanished the vernacular architecture of rural buildings and created a dichotomy in rural constructions.

The body shape of fishes is influenced by environmental parameters and the habitat condition. The present study investigated morphological characteristics phenotypic plasticity of Barbus lacerata in the Zarrineh River and the role of environmentalfactors influencing the phenotypic plasticity. Three hundred specimens were caught using electric fishing, anaesthetized with clove powder, fixed in 10% formalin and transferred to the laboratory. The left side of the specimens was photographed using a digital camera with a resolution of 6 megapixels. Twelve landmarks were put of the pictures using the software TPSDig2. The Procrustes superimposition was used to transform landmark data and subjected to Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) using PAST software. Thin-plate spline was used to detect morphometric changes inferred form translation of the landmarks. Based on the movement of landmarks, a significant difference was found between the morph of the specimens from the up- and downstream of River. The morphological differences recognized in body height and caudal peduncle height. Two-block PLS and correlation matrix showed that the velocity of water flow and river discharge are the main factors causing morphological changes. This research recommends the further study on other environmental factors affecting the morphology

The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of the use of blockchain technology in the financial field. The sample size in the Delphi section was 15 people from financial management and information technology specialists and in the quantitative section, all people active in the country's stock exchange company, 384 people were randomly selected. The research method is based on the applied goal, in terms of method, it is exploratory and based on the collection of quantitative data. The main tool of data collection was a questionnaire based on theoretical foundations and conducting three rounds of the Delphi method, the validity of which was based on the technique of long-term engagement with long-term contact with the participants and was done by applying changes they wanted in different stages. In the quantitative part, content and structural methods were used to check validity. In addition, the reliability of the tool was used in the qualitative part using the Kappa index and in the quantitative part using Konbach's alpha. The obtained data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with Smart PLS version 3 software. The results showed that three organizational, environmental and technical factors can justify the use of blockchain technology in the financial field.

Distribution modelling is important for assessing threats and conservation status of species and for planning conservation programs. We studied the distribution of suitable habitats of Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Isfahan province within and outside the protected areas. Suitable habitats of the three studied carnivores in Isfahan province were mapped in relation to climatic, topographic and anthropogenic variables using MAXENT. Assessing the developed model using the area under the ROC function showed that predictions for the three carnivore species were significantly better than random. Potential suitable habitats of Asiatic cheetah, Persian leopard and brown bear constituted 5.2%, 12% and 3.4% of the Isfahan province area, respectively. Slope was the most important factor determining Persian leopard habitat suitability, while climatic factors (mainly mean autumn and mean annual precipitation) were the most important determinants of Asiatic cheetah and brown bear distribution. The protected area network within the province covers 55.7%, 23.7%, and 11.6% of the suitable habitats for Asiatic cheetah, Persian leopard and brown bear, respectively. Parts of suitable habitats of the three species are located outside the protected areas, which could be considered in planning conservation programs as potential movement corridors.

Theory is a tool for descriptions, interpretations, predictions and recommendations so it is inevitable in the field of urban design. In other words, urban design can’t be done without any theory; whether there is any awareness about the existence of this theory or not. There are several reasons for clarifying the importance of theories in urban studies. Friedman stated three basic requirements for urban theories: prediction, prescription, evaluation and judgment in the action. Also Lang stated that theory in “chaotic situations helps understanding” and “saves the ideas and knowledge”. Variety of theories in the field of urban studies and particularly in urban design indicates that the typology of theories is important. Typology helps to classify and organize topics in the mind. Yiftachel and Tiryakian classify three basic principles for typology which are: correcting ambiguities and missing concepts, organized by definition of parameters of a topic, and facilitating the creation theory by defining the characteristics of the main components for further research. Development of urban design theories on the one hand and the need to understand and analyze their content to use on the other hand, explain the need to identify the nature of new approaches in typology of urban design theories. Among all the existing issues of urban design studies what has the greatest impact on the nature of cities is urban quality of life that is rooted in the people’s lives and fulfilling the demands and needs of its residents. Quality of life is one of topics in many fields. It began on 1930s and continued through researchers’ efforts to define, evaluate and measure quality of life from different perspectives. Nevertheless the beginning application of this approach in urban studies referred to 1980s. Although the quality of life has attractiveness and common sense but there isn’t yet an accepted definition. Experts and organizations in different disciplines have provided different definitions for quality of life. Considering different definitions for quality of life, it can be used as an attractiveness of a location and the degree of compliance and expectations which is received by individuals. In other words, it is affected by objective and subjective aspects. The aim of this study is to explain a conceptual framework in order to investigate the nature of the urban quality of life approach in urban design theories to understand the main issues and different aspects in this field. Process of research is based on typology of urban design theories. It also has developed a framework and some parameters for doing research. This framework is provided based on library studies and scientific resources. The nature of this approach is explained by comparative and analytic method. Arguments and analysis are done by complaining the properties of urban quality of life with different types of urban design theories. Parameters that considered in this study to explain the nature of quality of life in urban design theories include: philosophical orientation, topic, foundations of studies, the relationship between human and environment, environmentalfactors, epistemic and scale application. Based on this analysis, the nature of urban quality of life approach in urban design theories is: This approach is based on understanding and interpretation of objective and subjective factors of existing conditions. On the other hand it provides general and specific values for the desired future conditions which can be categorized in positive-normative theories. Quality of life identifies and interprets the economic, social and environmental current status of the city and provides processes in urban planning and urban design for the improvement of urban life values so we can categorize it in substantive and procedural theories. This approach considers both environmental and human domains. In other words, it does not only focus on objective or subjective domains, it tries to improve residents’ subjective perceptions based on physical changes so classify in probability environmental theories. Quality of life is classified in three-component theories because it considers physical, activate and mental thinking domains. Residents and subjective aspects have a significant role in urban quality of life approach and it’s possible based on negotiation with them and participation of them in planning process, so this approach is close to experience-oriented approaches. This approach is applicable at different geographical scales, from over-city to neighborhood scale, however, indicators, components and concepts are different in every scale.

Faculty members of the universities and higher education institutions are considered as the most influential social classes in the development of public culture. This important feature do achieves more importance in development of social competencies. One of the important social competencies in contemporary society is the use of electronic resources that are directly related to the level of preparedness of the people. This study examines the level of readiness for e-business activities among the Universities'' faculty members in Iran and the related influential factors. The research method is of descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of this study included all faculty members of Iranian University among which 122 units were selected for data collection through stratified random sampling based on Cochran formula. According to the results of this study, the readiness for e-business among the faculty members at initial application stage was obtained. Direct influence of individual factors (risk, perceived benefits, trust, knowledge, experience, function perception) and environmental factors (E''s infrastructure of the country and socio-cultural factors) over readiness for e-business activities amongst the faculty members were confirmed and the related impact for each of the factors was obtained as 0.524% and 0.323% respectively.