The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two ergogenic drinks on metabolic indices changes in soccer players. Forty eight soccer players (24 women and 24 men) with mean age of 18.7 ± 4.7 years were selected as two groups, long-term and short-term intermittent exercise. Then, each group randomly was divided into three; Zamzam (SD), Isostar (ID) and placebo (P) groups. Long-term intermittent exercise includes six stages of exercise in two half time. Fifteen minutes after breakfast, players have drunk 6 ml/kg of beverage and 1 ml/kg at the end of stages 1, 2, 4, and 5. In addition, they drank 4 ml/kg at the end of third stage (1st half time). Before and immediately after long-term intermittent exercise, blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels were measured. Blood lactate was measured at rest, 3 minutes after the first and second half time. Short-term intermittent exercise, includes three complete stages of RAST test with 10 minutes rest. Fifteen minutes after breakfast and at the end of each stage 2 ml/kg beverage were drunk. Glucose and blood lactate levels were measured at rest and immediately after each stage of RAST test. Results showed that a significant increase in insulin and blood glucose levels after long-term activity in SD and ID groups. In addition, there was a significant increase in blood glucose levels at 3 minutes after every stage of the RAST test in SD and ID groups. However, in any variables, no significant difference was observed between ID and SD groups. It seems that the use of Zamzam and Isostar relatively the same rate increase level of blood glucose and insulin after long-term high- intensity intermittent exercise. Therefore, we can recommend to athletes to consume synergy beverage of Zamzam which is produce in own country.

Use of ergogenic substances by athletes is an associated problem to sport. The purpose of this research was to examine the prevalence of ergogenic substances use and knowledge level by Lorestan province athletes about such drugs and their side effects. In a descriptive- survey study, 1120 male and female athletes in 21 athletic field (17 athletic field between males and 15 athletic field between females) in five city of Lorestan province (Khoramabad, Boroujerd, Azna, Aleshtar and Koohdasht) who were available to participate in this research by cluster sampling. The measuring instrument was a researcher-centered questionnaire which included of rate of incidence, knowledge and attitude about doping, supplement, ergogenic substances, drugs and their side effects. Numbers of 878 questionnaires were filled and they were analyzed using analysis of variance, regression, chi-square, analysis of factor and correlation coefficient. Number of 285 (32.5%) of athletes in Lorestan province have taken one ergogenic substance at least, 176 (20%) from these athletes had used doping and banned drugs and also 231 (26.3%) from sport supplements. Also, the average score of knowledge about ergogenic substances was 18.20±14.73 from 44 ergogenic substances. The average score of attitude was 4.06±1.11 from 6 and the average score of awareness of doping was 5.79±2.72 from 12. Also, the results showed that mentioned athletes have low awareness about the side effects of ergogenic substances. The awareness about doping, the attitude toward doping, the championship field, the record of athletic, the knowledge of ergogenic substance and the record of other athletic field were the most important factors for predicting the use of ergogenic substances. Our achievements show the use of ergogenic substances was higher than other compared with other countries and the use of supplements were lower than other countries. The results of this research indicate the low awareness about the side effects of ergogenic substances among athletes and emphasize the importance of predictive programs.

The survey is to investigate the prevalence of the use of ergogenic drugs and suplements in Iranian sports clubs. The statistical population of this national survey was the organized athletes of the country in 2020 which 12020 athletes from 17 provinces of the country were selected by cluster sampling methoth, and by using online form, the questionnaire was disturbed to measure the prevalence of ergogenic substances among the more than 50 active sports disciplines in these provinces. After distributing and collecting the necessary information, the data get coded and imported in SPSS software. The results showed that 1859 athletes out of 12020 athletes participating in this survey (15/465% of the total participants in this survey) have consumed ergogenic substances. Among the ergogenic drugs used, the most common among Iranian athletes were weight loss drugs (3/560%), anabolic steroids (3/028%) and appetite suppressants (1/921%), respectively and among ergogenic supplements were the most common vitamin supplements (9/858%), protein supplements (9/367%) and creatine، respectively. Of course, this pattern was different between male and female athletes. Also, the results of stepwise multivariate regression analysis identified the most important variables affecting ergogenic consumption in Iranian athletes were seriousness in training and continuing training even in coronary conditions, having a suggestion of energy consumption, having friends or acquaintances consuming ergogenic substance, information regarding the use of energy products, gender, sport, age and trying to get accurate information about ergogenic substance which explains 55% of the variability of the score of ergogenic substance prevalence in Iranian athletes. Based on the information provided in this survey, it was found that about 15% of Iranian athletes use energetic substances, which was higher in male athletes, and of course, a significant percentage was used energetic substances among women. Some of these substances are of very dangerous and proven side effects and seriously threaten the health of Iranian athletes. Acoording the result of this research, politicians and related officials should formulate prevention and educational programs in each region of the country.

Using ergogenic drugs may cause health problems for students. Providing knowledge about the side effects may prevent students from consuming them. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of the doping and the consumers’ knowledge about the related side effects. About 6000 out of 55000 students with mean age of 16.6±1.3 years were selected. A reliable questionnaire (r=0.81) measured the knowledge and the consumption of the ergogenic drugs. Spearman correlation technique was used to analyze the data. Results showed that 12.3% of the studied population was involved with the consumption of ergogenic drugs: 56.26% not knowledgeable, 22.25% hardly knowledgeable and 0.85% sufficiently knowledgeable about the related side effects. Body builders were recognized as most and badminton players as fewest doping users. Consumption of the ergogenic drugs was related to the type of sport they performed, quality of their success in education and their parents’ education. It is highly recommended to educate students on doping side effects.

taking different ergogenic substances to improve sports performances is considered as a great problem in the world. The clim of this study was to determine the prevalenceamount of ergogenic substances use in Lorestan Province high school students and their knowledge about doping and using ergogenic substances.

This research was carried out on 1180 male and female students using a self-reported and researcher-centered questionnaire in 8 cities and 1 village (Tarhan) selected by cluster sampling method. After omitting incomplete questionnaires, 992 questionnaires were coded and then analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed that 92 (9. 3%) of the samples had taken one ergogenic substance at least, 37 (3. 7%) of the students hade used doping and banned drugs and also 71 (7. 1%) from sports supplements. Prevalence of ergogenic substances in male students was 13. 369% and in female students was 4. 260%. The effective factors on prevalence amount of ergogenic substances use, included age, sex, height, weight, place of residence, family income, being athlete, method of exercise, the athletic field, record of championship, the championship field,, the championship level, attitude toward doping, knowledge about doping and ergogenic substances. The most important variables for predicting the use of ergogenic substances were attitude towards doping, weight, to know the name of ergogenic substances, and the athletic field (R= + 0. 475) and these variables indicat a 3% variance in the use of ergogenic substances. The average score of students’ knowledge about ergogenic substances was 12. 185 ±6. 657 from 44 ergogenic substances (for male students= 12. 185 and female students=11. 482). The average score of attitude was 4. 140±1. 052 from 5. Also %85. 2 from samples reported having average to low knowledge about the ergogenic, but 14. 2% of the samples reported having high and very high knowledge about the ergogenic substances.

The results of this research showed that doping and use of ergogenic substances are definite fact among high school students. So serious attention of educational responsibles is needed to prevent the youth and adolescents from damage.

The aim of this research was to determine the Prevalence of use, awareness, and knowledge of ergogenic aids and determined the factors that are effect to use them in students of Islamic Azad university of Zanjan province. This research is survey –descriptive and all statistical subjects are members of Islamic Azad University of Zanjan province, by the help of a self-reported and standard questionnaire on 600 male and female students distributed by cluster sampling. After omitting incomplete questionnaires, 555 questionnaires were marked by a code and were analyzed by SPSS software in descriptive (means and cross tables and, frequent distribution) & inferential (Analysis of variances, same nonparametric test and stepwise regression) statistics. Result of this research show that 98 (17.6%) from these students used one time from ergogenic substance. Certainly 34 (6.1 %) from this students used doping drugs and 93(16.7%) from sport supplements. The average score for the overall awareness of students in this research equal to 6 out of 13, the average score of the knowledge ergogenic substance was 12.3 out of 45. The result of this research show that ergogenic aids has become well known among university students, awareness is very low and usage of ergogenic aids prevalence's is high among Iranian students in compare to foreign research and if governments and planners do not notice to changing the attitude and increase the awareness of these students, every day we face more lesion and path psychology for youth our country.

Today, the abuse of Ergogenic Substances as a social issue has spread not only among athletes, but also among non-athletes. Although several studies evaluated the use of Ergogenic Substances use in various community, but no study has a review and meta-analysis on these studies. In this review and meta-analysis, 11 studies were eligible for entry into the study and the number 14291 participant in these 11 studies were investigated. From these studies, the 11 investigations conducted research on the men and women and 9 studies only done on women. After collecting and coding data in these 11 research, by using CMA software all data by using both fixed and random model was analyzed.The results of the meta-analysis conducted in this field showed that estimates point of taking Ergogenic Substances based on random model in Iranian male non-athletes population was 12.5% and in Iranian female non-athletes population was 5.3%. The results of this study showed that the use of Ergogenic Substances and doping is an indisputable fact and as a social problem is growing and expanding. The use of Ergogenic Substances from athletic community permeates to non-athletic community and from men to women. So, if the politicians do not pay attention, the damage every day will be more developed in young people of our country.

In this review and meta-analysis 15 studies were eligible for entry into the study and the numbers of 8078 adolescent and young adult's athletes from more than 20 sports field in the fifteen studies were investigated. After collecting and coding data in these 15 researches, by using CMA software all data by using both fixed and random model was analyzed. The results of the meta-analysis conducted in this field showed that estimates point of taking Ergogenic Substances based on random model in male athletes was 63.9 and was variable between 50.6 to 75.3 percent. Also, the prevalence of taking Ergogenic Substances in female athletes Based on the random model was 28.3 and was variable between 25.3 to 31.4 percent. The highest prevalence of Ergogenic Substances use was in bodybuilders, weightlifting, wrestling, and swimming and athletics sports. The results of this study showed that the use of Ergogenic Substances and doping is an indisputable fact and today this problem is not only for the male athletes in some field of sport. The domain of this prevalence is female athletes and very wide range of athletes in different disciplines. If the politician not pay attention, the damage every day will be more develop in young people in our country.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ergogenic effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state, simple reaction time, and muscle power during the Wingate test recorded in the morning on elite Judoists. Twelve elite judoists (age: 21.08 ± 1.16 years, body mass: 83.75 ± 20.2 kg, height: 1.76 ±6.57 m) participated in this study. Mood states, simple reaction time, and muscle power during the Wingate test were measured during two test sessions at 07:00 h and after placebo or caffeine ingestion (i.e. 5 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of caffeine were measured before (T0) and 1-h after caffeine’ ingestion (T1) and after the Wingate test (T3). Our results revealed an increase of the anxiety and the vigor (P<0.01), a reduction of the simple reaction time (P<0.001) and an improvement of the peak and mean powers during the Wingate test. However, the fatigue index during this test was unaffected by the caffeine ingestion. In addition, plasma concentration of caffeine was significantly higher at T1 in comparison with T0. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that morning caffeine ingestion has ergogenic properties with the potential to benefit performance, increase anxiety and vigor, and decrease the simple reaction time.

An ergogenic aid is any training technique, mechanical device, nutritional practice, pharmacological method, or psychological technique that can improve exercise performance capacity and/or enhance training adaptations. This includes aids that may help prepare an individual to exercise, improve the efficiency of exercise, and/or enhance recovery from exercise. Ergogenic aids may also allow an individual to tolerate heavy training to a greater degree by helping them recover faster or help them stay healthy during intense training. Research has clearly shown that athletes that do not ingest enough calories and/or do not consume enough of the right type of macronutrients may impede training adaptations while athletes who consume a good diet can help the body adapt to training. Moreover, maintaining an energy deficient diet during training may lead to loss of muscle mass, increased susceptibility to illness, and increase prevalence of overreaching and/or overtraining. The purpose of this review is to examine the usefulness of the commercially available supplements used for weight loss and Performance Enhancement according to the International Society of Sport position categorized them to four distinct category: Apparently Effective, Possibly Effective, Too Early To Tell and Apparently Ineffective to separate myth from scientific documentation.