In vitro fertilization is one of the remarkable phenomena in the modern world. Since was issue has not the special concern of earlier jurists, it can cause different jurisprudential (fiqh) and legal problems. Although at the beginning some scholars of jurisprudence were against all kinds of in vitro fertilization and some authorities of imitation considered artificial fertilization (introducing the sperm of the husband into the female animal of his wife) as problematic and precautionary, the notion of recognizing in vitro fertilization and considering the born infants legitimate provoked much dispute, which paved the ground for proposing new views and reconsidering legal decrees.The studies show that although some jurists and scholars are against in vitro fertilization, the evidence which they give to support their claim are theoretically insufficient, and, to them, all kinds of in vitro fertilization lack legal prohibition. The permission of all kinds of in vitro fertilization according to the view of some authorities of imitation, such as Ayatollah Khamenei, seems defendable. Furthermore, Taking into consideration the interests of the infants born by fertilization and recognizing them as legal children can be a great step towards eliminating discrimination against these infants and preventing future problems in Islamic society.

The aim of this work was to test the effects of soil urea fertilization on yield, grape juice soluble solids, total acidity, and amino acid composition of Chardonnay, Welschriesling, and Riesling grape varieties. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard with repeated records of low yeast-assimilable-nitrogen content in must and the corresponding grape juices in years prior to the experiment. Urea was applied after completion of flowering. Treatments included the control without fertilization, 5.5, 16.8 and 28.1 g N vine-1. Urea fertilization generally increased yield components and amino acid concentrations. Fertilization with 28.1 g N vine-1 prolonged grape ripening, regarding soluble solids and total acidity values. Fertilization with 28.1 g N vine-1 was not so effective in improving amino acid concentration compared to other fertilization treatments. This leads to conclusion that fertilization with 28.1 g N vine-1 seems excessive and unnecessary regarding delayed fruit ripening and inconsistent effect on amino acid composition.

In order to investigate the effects of selenium and nitrogen on some growth and biochemical characteristics of edible onion (Cultivar Yellow Isfahan), a factorial experiment was conducted base on randomized complete block design with three replications at Razi University in year 2017. In this experiment, the first factor includes the time of split of nitrogen fertilizer (based on soil test, which includes 500 kg urea per hectare) in six levels including control, total fertilization at the time of transplantation, half fertilization at the time of transplantation, third fertilization at the time of transplantation, half fertilization at the time of transplantation+ half fertilization at the time of bulb initiation, third fertilization at the time of transplantation+ third fertilization at the time of bulb initiation+ third fertilization at the time of bulb growth and three levels of selenium (0, 10 and 50 mg.L-1 sodium selenate). The highest yield (21.44 Kg.m-2), fresh weight (251.83 g.bulb-1), the bulb length (84.19 mm), bulb diameter (78.66 mm), total phenol (19.87 mg.g-1 FW: fresh weight), total phenol (19.87 mg.g-1 FW: fresh weight), total flavonoid (9.30 mg.g-1 FW: fresh weight) and antioxidant activity (11.44 %) of the onion bulb were observed with nitrogen application of in three stages (third fertilization recommended at the time of transplantation+ third fertilization at the time of bulb initiation+ third fertilization at the time of bulb growth). Selenium had a positive effect on yield, fresh weight, length and diameter of bulb and total flavonoid in onion. Therefore, use of sodium selenate along with nitrogen plays an important role in improvement the growth and physiological characteristics of onion such as bulb dry weight (84.73 g.bulb-1) and nitrogen use efficiency (1 Kg.mg-1 DW: dry weight). In conclusion, split application of of 500 kg.ha-1 urea at the time transplantation, bulb initiation and bulb formation equally one third in each stage, and 50 mg.L-1 sodium selenate can be recommended for onion production.

At present, about 20 to 25 percent of agricultural products are removed as waste from the consumption cycle. Using gamma radiation is one of the methods to reduce waste in agricultural products, especially in potato (Solanumtuberosum L.). Under current conditions, gamma radiation is used in the farm products in which fertilization is based on farmer's conventional fertilizer use (urea and phosphate). The idea is to observe the effect of gamma radiation on decreasing the agricultural storage waste when fertilization is done according to the soil analysis results. To study the role of the balanced fertilization in increasing the effect of gamma radiation, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in Pikasocultivar. In this experiment, the three factors used were: a) fertilizer application, i. e., farmer's conventional fertilization and balanced fertilization methods;  b) irradiation with gamma radiation, i. e., control and irradiate; and c) measuring the storage time factor, i. e., before and after 6 months of storage. The samples were irradiated with the dose of 0.15 kGy, then all samples were stored for 6 months at 15 to 20°C at the relative humidity of 40 to 60%. Percentages of dry matter and the concentrations of nitrate and cadmium were measured before and after the storage. The results revealed that, while the percentage of the dry matter in the samples of farmer's conventional fertilization method, that were not irradiated, increased from 16.86%to 21.44%, the irradiated samples increased from 17.68% to 19.41% during the storage period. These changes in the balanced fertilization samples in those which were not irradiated, increased from 20.09% to 23.18% and in the irradiated samples increased from 19.75% to 20.65%. By considering the obtained results, as the rate of weight loss in the tubers under the balanced fertilization was minimum, the effectiveness of gamma radiation in the condition of the balanced fertilization on the shelf life of potato tubers was proved. While the superiority of the balanced fertilization [fertilization on the basis of pre-plant soil analysis results over farmer's conventional fertilization method (N and P-fertilizers)] has been proven, gamma radiation in the condition of the balanced fertilization for increasing the potato tubers shelf life shows to act effectively, mainly due to high tubers dry matter percentage. Therefore, performing further experiments and analyses for other agricultural products under the crop balanced fertilization is highly recommended.

The use of vermicompost and fall fertilization in soilless culture on strawberry cv. Camarosa quality characteristics was evaluated in a factorial based on completely randomized design pot experiment with 5 replicates. Experimental treatments were four chemical fertilization timings (no fertilizer، using fertilizer at fall، spring، fall + spring) and three levels of vermicompost (10، 20 and 40% v/v)، three levels of cattle manure (10، 20 and 40% v/v) and control medium (50% peat: 50% perlite). The total number of pots in this experiment was 140. The results showed the highest total soluble solids (TDS)، 13. 35%، and titratable acidity، 8. 54%، on growing medium containing 10% cattle manure with spring fertilization. Likewise، the highest fruit firmness (0. 43 kg/cm2) was observed in growing medium containing 10% cattle manure with fall + spring fertilization. The total antioxidant activity was obtained using the DPPH (2، 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The total antioxidant capacity was increased in medium containing 10% vermicompost with spring fertilization، 20% cattle manure with fall fertilization and 40% cattle manure without fertilization (95. 18، 95. 34، and 95. 47%)، respectively. The highest anthocyanin (18. 84 mg/l) was produced in growing medium containing 40% vermicompost with fall fertilization. It can be concluded that an appropriate choice of growing media and fertilization timing can alter different qualities of strawberry fruits according to production goal and type of consumption. The finding of present study showed that the selection of right growing media and fertilization timings could improve strawberry fruit quality.

In this study, the effect of fertigation (83.3, 124.8, 166.4 kg Nitrogen per hectar) and “Pit-fertilization” on fruit yield and quality of Hayward kiwifruit was investigated. Control treatment was the common manner of fertilization by local orchardist. The results showed that leaf mineral nutrient elements significantly changed by fertilization treatment. Fertilization with 166.4 kg N /ha and pit-fertilization significantly increased leaf nitrogen, potassium, and calcium, but no significant difference was found between treatments for phosphorus. Furthermore, the highest nitrogen was found in pit-fertilization treatments (1.01%). The highest fruit yield per vine was found in pit- fertilization treatment (56.8 kg/vine) and fertigation with 166.4 kg N/ha (42.82 kg). The mean fruit weight of all fertilization treatments was more than 90 g, which was higher than the control (85.82g). No significant difference was found for dry matter percentage in fertilization treatments, and all were more than 17%, except the pit method treatment. Fruit firmness of fertigation treatments with 83.3 kg N/ha and pit method was more than other treatments: with 7.69 and 7.35 kg/cm, respectively. Fertigation increased fruit soluble solid content (SSC) and resulted in early ripening. In addition, fertigation with 83.3 and 124.8 kg N/ha increased significantly fruit vitamin C. Overall, pit fertilization and fertigation with 166.4 kg N/ha are recommendable due to increasing yield and maintaining fruit quality as well as reducing fertilizing cost and ecological problems.

Failed fertilization is a rare event occurring after intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Failure of oocyte activation considered as main reason for failed fertilization. For overcome of failed fertilization, Artificial Oocyte Activation (AOA) techniques after ICSI are applied and improved. This review article is a brief introduction to oocyte activation, followed by description of the methods for AOA and related concern regarding AOA. Also, the clinical effect of using AOA in different type of infertile individual was considered. Literature search in Entrez PubMed as well as other data sources from1930 to 2012 was done. Mechanical, electrical and chemical methods mainly used for AOA and chemical activation methods as the most commonly were performed. Also, using AOA after ICSI, fertilization rate was increased and possibly achieved pregnancy in some infertile individuals. AOA in some type of infertile individual increased fertilization rate and achieving pregnancy. Although, some techniques may be useful for predict and assessment of semen fertilization potential, but further studies are required for establishing method of this purpose.

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don)، a medicinal plant، which economiclly is highly valued because of its anti-cancer lalkaloids of vincristine and vinblastine. Since the availability of nitrogen (N) is expected to play an important role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in plants، the effect of N fertilization on the content of alkaloids of periwinkle was studied. the four levels of 0، 100، 150، 200 kg/ha N fertilization in a bulok completely randomized design with three replications. N fertilization significantly increased the content of alkaloids in leaves. This study showed that by increasing N fertilization dry weight increased. The highest level of alkaloid vincristine was in the 0 kg/ha of N fertilization and the highest level alkaloid vinblastine was in the 200 kg/ha of N fertilization.

We examined the demographic characteristics of couples, ovarian response and sperm quality to determine the predictors of clinical fertilization in IVF cycles. A descriptive and analytic study was conducted using data and biologic specimens obtained Fatemeh-Alzahra of Babol infertility center from 2004 to 2005. Only data from 315 women who had medical indication for conventional IVF treatment were included in the analysis. Treatment using ICSI was excluded. In the univariate analysis, the following variables affected on fertilization rate: the length of infertility, the number of IVF cycle, basal LH serum on 2 days, the number of administration of hMG, the duration of ovarian stimulation, the number of follicles, the number of oocytes retrieved, the number of oocytes stage II and III, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm grading III and IV. In the multivariate analysis, the strongest predictor of positive fertilization was the mean number of oocytes retrieved. Also, the mean number of oocytes stage II and stage III were positive predictors of fertilization. The mean of basal LH serum on day 2 and the mean duration of ovarian stimulation were negative predictors of fertilization Ovarian response to gonadotropins and the quality of oocytes were main predictors of fertilization. Although some parameters of sperm quality were significant variables of fertilization rate in univariate analysis, in multivariate analysis one''s effects were negligible. This information should be used when selecting couples for IVF cycles or oocytes for fertilization to raise the rate of clinical fertilization.

The intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure ending with total fertilization failure is very distressfull event for both the clinician and the patient. The aim of this study was to identify independent factors which could be used to identify total fertilization failure before the day of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This was a retrospective study of 232 patients who were admitted to a tertiary-care hospital IVF Unit and showed total fertilization failure during intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. To sort out the interwined effects of female age, basal FSH, sperm quality, antral follicle count, starting dose of gonadotrophine, sperm extraction technique, cycle length, >14 mm follicle number, oocyte number after oocyte pick up, estradiol and progesterone level on the day of hCG and the MI, MII and GV oocyte number on the fertilization, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. The total fertilization failure rate was 6% and the recurrance rate was 23%. The original model illustrated that the presence of GV oocytes, total oocyte number less than six, <2000 pg/mL E2 concentration on the day of hCG and testicular sperm extraction increases the total fertilization failure risk. It is very difficult to predict total fertilization failure. Sometimes even with one good quality oocyte and sperm and in the case of globozoospermia fertilization can be achieved. Not only azoospermia but also low oocyte numbers increase the chance of total fertilization failure even after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.