This study aimed at identifying critical factors affecting the security of Iranian football stadiums and prioritizing them using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for future decisions. In the qualitative stage of the study, the main factors affecting the security of Iranian football stadiums were identified in 12 semi-structured interviews with experts. In the quantitative stage, 17 experts completed AHP questionnaires and compared identified factors in a pairwise manner. 4 factors, namely infrastructure, physical protection of the stadiums, game planning and management and personnel and staff were recognized as those main factors affecting the security of the stadiums. The results of Analytical Hierarchy Process indicated that the infrastructure (weight=0.460) played the most important role in the security of Iranian football stadiums, followed by stadium physical protection (0.204), game planning and management (0.173), and personnel and staff (0.162) respectively. It can be stated that numerous factors affect the enhancement of security levels in football stadiums; however, based on the results of this study, investment in infrastructure, particularly stadium design and building and stadium technology was identified as a critical area that requires attention to improve the security of the Iranian football stadiums.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of risk management in Iran football stadiums. The research method was descriptive and survey. The statistical population included all football stadium managers and the sample consisted of the managers of those stadiums in which football premier leagues were held (n=50). Two questionnaires were used to collect the data: risk management questionnaire and demographic questionnaire (their reliability was calculated by Kuder – Richardson method as =0.87). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. In this study, ten indexes of risk management were used to investigate the status of risk management in Iran football stadiums. The results showed that the stadiums did not enjoy proper status for risk management. The results of this study suggested that stadium managers should gain fundamental knowledge about risk management and sport law in order to provide safer stadium environment for all spectators.

Nowadays, football has become a social phenomenon that has attracted a large number of fans. The purpose of this study was to present a paradigmatic model for the presence of female spectators in Iranian football stadiums. The study was done by qualitative research method using a data-based theory approach. Theoretical saturation was achieved by snowball sampling. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with university professors and football professionals. Validity and reliability of the data were determined by two methods of review by the researchers and review of non-participating experts in the study. The results of data analysis in three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding led to 12 main concepts that were included in the final model: individual and legal factors as causal factors, Infrastructure and planning factors as contextual conditions, political factors as intervening factors and controlled presence was suggested a proper way to normalize the presence of women in football stadiums. Given the model presented, increased behavioral and ethical security in stadiums, development of football industry marketing, cultural growth of spectators, and increased quality of football matches in Iran can be viewed as positive outcomes of women’s presence in football stadiums.

In order to improve the atmosphere of football stadiums and increase the enjoyment of watching the game for the spectators, it is necessary for a wide range of organizations to interact and cooperate with each other in order to improve the etiquette of attending the stadiums. Hence, the present study aims to find the organizations and institutions that play a role in promoting the culture and etiquette of attending Iranian football stadiums with the aim of improving their security was done. The present study is applied, and its qualitative method was of conventional content analysis type. Thirteen deep Semi-structured interviews were conducted with sports management and sports Sociology experts. The interviews were continued until the reach the data Theoretical saturation. The collected data were analyzed using open and axial coding. Validity and reliability of coding were confirmed. The results showed that the ministry of sport and youth, football federation, sports football clubs and police as direct brokers and Islamic consultative assembly, supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, the ministry of information and communications technology of Iran, media, religious entities, the ministry of Education, the ministry of science, research and technology, families, municipalities, the ministry of culture and Islamic guidance, non-governmental organization and celebrities as indirect brokers can be involved in cultural modeling and develop people attendance etiquette in the football stadiums. Interaction and strategic alliance and network communication between organizations and institutions identified in this study can reduce the level of violent and aggression of the spectators’ and others attending in stadiums through developing the culture and etiquette of attending football stadiums and preventing from occurrence security incidents.

An attractive atmosphere is one of the most important motivations of spectators to attend a sport event. The aim of this study was to identify the most important formative indicators of atmosphere in football stadiums with marketing approach which was conducted with the qualitative method. So, after the literature review, semi-structured and deep qualitative interviews with elites were carried out. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation and identification of all indicators (N=15). Totally, 194 formative indicators of atmosphere in football stadiums were identified and categorized in 6 main factors: factors related to advertising activities (with two items: media and statements and celebrations), factors related to stadium (with two items: physical facilities of stadium and stadium architecture), factors related to event (with two items: event attributes and players and coaches), factors related to event organizer (with two items: stadium entertainment programs and event management), factors related to society (with two items: club position in society and football position in society) and factors related to spectators. The proposed conceptual framework in this study can be used as guidance to the activity of marketers and sport event managers and future research.

In Iran, women do not have the right to attend a football sports stadium. On the other hand, social media has a significant role in new findings and the formation of developments and information.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model of the role of social media on the presence of women spectators in football stadiums. This research is exploratory in terms of purpose and strategic in terms of exploration, which was carried out qualitatively based on the data theory of the foundation. The research population was research documents and professors and elites in the field of sports management and media activists who were purposefully selected and snowballed. The results showed that in the first level of the model, there are 14 categories of components of driving factors and in the second part, 19 categories of components of processes are related to processes and also in the third part, there are 8 categories of primary and secondary outcomes. Managers and Authorities can help the marketing and economic development of the Iran football by providing a female spectator presence in football stadiums.

Identifying and implementing sustainable development and green management solutions is critical in designing and constructing football stadiums. These solutions ultimately reduce negative environmental, energy, and resource efficiency impacts, improve air quality, and improve the experience for football fans and beneficiaries. In this direction, the present research was conducted to identify sustainable development and green management solutions in the design of football stadiums. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and was performed using a qualitative method and a descriptive phenomenological approach. The community participating in the study were experts related to the subject, 17 of whom were selected as research samples in 2023. The sampling method was purposeful. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview with open questions. MaxQda software version 20 was used to review and categorize the information. The validity, transferability, trustworthiness, and verifiability criteria were used to determine validity and reliability. by detailing and analyzing the findings obtained from the information of the participants in the research: Solutions for Sustainable Development and Green Management in the Design of Football Stadiums, including 54 sub-themes in the form of 7 main themes of optimizing energy consumption, development of recycling, transportation, monitoring and evaluation, education and culture, development of infrastructure and green materials. Finally, it is suggested to all relevant officials in the construction, development, and equipping of sports venues to use the concepts expressed in this research to comply with the principles of sustainable development in sports venues, especially football stadiums.

The purpose of this study was to explain the Iranian football stadiums security with emphasis on the role of match organizers. This study was applied descriptive with correlational approach. The statistical population consisted of the football boards’ members, police, stadium managers, experts and university lecturers. The sample size included 120 people. The instrument was the modified football stadiums’ security questionnaire (Faraji, 2019). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics methods, one-sample T-test and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. The results showed that physical protection of the stadium and human resource competence were the most important factors to ensure the football stadiums’ security. The components including control of the external environment, training, personnel competence and credibility were significantly positively correlated and control of toxic and chemical substances was significantly negatively correlated. The control of the internal environment as well as the control of the access routes were moderately effective. Considering the importance of the physical protection of stadiums and factors related to the human resources of football match organizers, it can be said that the role of organizers and the police has been considered as one of the most important pillars of stadium security. Technology and advanced security warning systems can improve physical protection procedures leading to effectiveness of the role of organizers and police human resources.

In this study, the role of the planning and management of the football games on security of the stadiums has been investigated.
Twelve semi-structured interviews with experts (one football expert, two stadium managers, five police officers, and four university professors) were conducted to provide data on the main factors affecting the security of Iranian football stadiums. A 28-item questionnaire related to the impact of planning and managing football games’ on the security of the stadiums was designed and 144 key participants (including police officers, soccer experts and organizers, and stadium managers) answered them. The obtained data was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a varimax rotation in order to identify factors, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) which was conducted to test the impact of the identified factors and items on the stadium security.
The results showed that game planning and management is one of the main factors affecting the security of the stadiums. In addition, risk and crisis management, communication management, match day service quality and finally cultural activities, respectively with 0.85, 0.83, 0.84 and 0.86 factor loading, as four sub-factors for game planning and management, affect the security of the stadiums (P Football games organizers’ proper planning and also stadiums managers’ good management will improve the security of the football stadiums by enhancement of spectators’ satisfaction and prevention of violent behaviors.

The aim of the present study was to find the cultural measures effective in enhancing security at Iranian football stadiums. It employed an exploratory qualitative research design and the conventional content analysis technique. Thirteen deep Semi-structured interviews were conducted with sports security and spectators' violent and aggression experts. The interviews were continued until they reach the data Theoretical saturation. The collected data were analyzed using open and axial coding. The validity of coding was confirmed by two co-experts by reviewing and controlling the accuracy of the extracted codes and re-coding the interviews. Based on the results, cultural activities aimed at improving the security of football stadiums in the form of seven main themes, including cultural support, planning, and management, academic promotion, Cultural Modeling and transmission of cultural models, acculturation, organizing sports agents, and finally Co-thinking and networking and 23 corresponding categories were extracted and explained. It seems that improving the attendance of spectators in football stadiums and acquainting these people with the customs and culture of attending the stadium through the cultural measures identified in this study and the internalization of positive moral and behavioral characteristics of spectators and other people present in the stadium can be effective in improving the security levels of stadiums.