Myth and Epic as a genre in popular culture appeared prior to literature and have been closely tied to the nation’s literature. Despite many differences between men and cultures، their myths and epics are of great similarities. World literature is full of epic and mythic components. In Iranian and German literature also this issue is easily perceivable in Shahnameh and in Nibelungenlied’s song. In terms of cultural and linguistic aspects both are subsets of Hindu-Zhrmny languages add one could see a lot of similar components in them. This paper concerns firstly with the basic concepts and historical context of both them and then with the analysis of the worldviews and differences and features of these two everlasting works in Iranian and German literatures extensively.

A new chapter of literary movements in Germany has started due to the development of pop literature. Pop literature is the outcome of the rebellious feelings of a younger generation towards the prior social and political values. Christian Kracht is one of the contemporary writers in the German literature scene who was from early on considered as one of the main figures of German’s pop literature due to his unconventional style in describing the concerns of newer generations in his first novel Faserland. However, the main reason that makes Faserland one of the highlights of the contemporary German pop literature world is its psychological aspects demonstrated in the escapisms of its protagonist. This study tries not only to demonstrate pop literature’s vast potentials in manifesting deeper psychological concerns of a society, but also how it is possible to read Faserland’s protagonist as an example of an adolescent, living in mid-90s Germany, who isn’t able to cope with the history and society of the country he’s living in.

Since the late Seventies the German literary scene has witnessed a rising presence of German writers of foreign extraction examining their intercultural experiences on pivotal topics like refugees, schism, alienation, identity crises, and social and cultural conflicts. This paper deals with the method of presentation of the conflicts and problems related to culture, society and identity as depicted in selected migration literature of the last two decades of the twentieth century, and shows that the experiences of alienation and incongruity depict ed in these texts have had a variety of reaction s, and have suffered a significant and rapid development during several decades. A literature initially intended to confront prejudice, manages in a relatively short period, through the introduction of new topics and variety of form and language, to move from the borders of cultural discourse into the depths, and find it ’ s proper place in contemporary German literature.

During the 1990s, German literature saw an influx of writers who had lived through the East German regime. These authors reflected the events that led up to the Berlin Wall’s fall and Germany’s reunification. Wolfgang Hilbig’s novel, “I”, is a prominent example of these works, called “turning literature”. This fiction depicts the absurdities of life under a fading ideology and the alienation of power institutions from social developments.The present article first examines historical context and the role of literature in East Germany to provide a deeper understanding of the themes and plot of the novel “I”. Then, it analyzes the concept of “simulacra”, which refers to the disconnection of signs from reality in modern social relations according to French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s theories. The article further criticizes Hilbig’s literary interpretation of this concept and the various manifestations of “simulacra” in the narrative layers of “I”.Background of the Study: The novel “I” was published in 1993 and has since been translated into multiple languages, receiving praise from literary circles. However, it has yet to be researched in the Persian language. German-speaking critics have referenced Wolfgang Hilbig’s works while critiquing contemporary German literature. The present article cites some of those critiques. One significant source is a collection of articles titled “Two Separate Areas of Literature. German Literature of the 1990s in the East and the West” (2000) published in the literary journal Text and Criticism, which includes a section dedicated to “I”. Moreover, Helmut Luger conducted a detailed study in 2010, focusing on themes such as “alienation, loss of reality, and simulation” in Hilbig’s novels and analyzing their narrative structure and linguistic characteristics. The novel “I”, which Wolfgang Hilbig started writing before the fall of the Berlin Wall, presents various interpretations of the concept of “simulacra” and its representations in the discourse of power. This concept in the semiotic debates of the 1980s indicated the remoteness of signs from their origin. However, philosophers and thinkers like Jean Baudrillard and Gilles Deleuze have different interpretations of this concept. The present article reviews and evaluates the opinions of various theorists on the concept of “simulacra”. It assesses which philosophical and sociological theories align with the works of Hilbig and also examines how applying this concept to the literary text expands its meaning beyond the frameworks of these theorists. In this article, we reviewed the history and thematic characteristics of “turning literature” and examined one of the essential elements of the novel, i.e., “simulacra”. We found that this concept, which Jean Baudrillard presented to represent modern social relations in the digital age, has a different meaning in Wolfgang Hilbig’s works. Simulacra in “I” is manifested in the context of a pervasive disciplinary system or a “hyperreality” whose ultimate goal is to consolidate power relations. This concept primarily refers to the simulation of ideas and actions resulting from imposing ideological illusions on society. These ideas and actions have become outdated and ineffective models on the verge of the collapse of Eastern Bloc systems.Although Baudrillard and Hilbig consider different social contexts, convergences can also be observed in their interpretations of the concept of “simulacra”. Both philosophers and writers, whether in the field of theorizing or in the scope of the literary text, aim to critique stagnant and fragmented social relations that are far away from reality and reproduce previous patterns in an automated way.

The symbolic of colors in describing scenes and emotions in Short Stories of “Wolfgang Borchert”Wolfgang Borchert, one of the most famous writers of German "post-war literature", used figures of speech and various symbols, including colors, in his works in addition to linguistic and stylistic structures. In his short stories, Borchert masterfully uses colors to describe nature, battle scenes, emotions, and the characters' mental state. In the analyzed samples of the three stories in which colors play a key and very significant role, in addition to general characteristics, their symbolic aspects in German literature have also been studied. This study shows the accuracy and delicacy of Borchert in using colors in proportion to the context and its effect on the reader, who receives the sense of characters and atmosphere by analyzing the characteristics of colors from a symbolic point of view.

The comparison of two literary geniuses, Hafez and Goethe, and the works inspired by them in the literature of German-speaking countries from a linguistic-cultural point of view has been the subject of numerous scientific-literary writings since the 19th century. But, beyond the unending praise of these writers, critical considerations in this regard are constantly hidden from view. The present analytic-qualitative library-based research intends, in the light of existing German translations of Hafez such as the researches based on Hafez studies in the mentioned linguistic areas, to take a critical-analytical and different look at the dimensions, ups and downs of the processes such as reception, reading and literary-scientific study of Hafez and its pathology in the German-speaking countries. Therefore, the starting point is the explanation of the whatness of Hafez's poetry, its conception and influences on the German-speaking readership at all times. This is then continued through the motives, depths, and persistence of the mentioned influences on different levels such as time, place, aesthetic problems, and is elucidated with reference to renowned German-speaking writers influenced by Hafez's poetry. The findings indicate the fluctuating trajectory of Hafez reception in German literature (from peak to decline), as a result of paradigm shifts of Orientalism. In the following, the reasons for these shifts will be discussed, as well as the interest of Persian speakers in continuing to reflect themselves from the Western perspective through multiple translations of works influenced by Hafez, which represents more or less the only achievement of contemporary German Hafez studies.

Although epic isn’t the oldest narrative genre but it is the most prevailing one in the ancient time and middle ages. Epic and myth, oral or written, can be found in all cultures and sub-cultures. Myths provide the raw material for the epics and in some cultures epics are continuation of them. The world's literature is full of epic-mythical themes. We can see these themes in two prominent books of Persian and German literature, namely Nibelungenlied and Shāhnāmeh. The common subjects such as mythical heroes, super-natural animals, war, battle, revenge and the like can be seen in these works. In the present article, after presenting the backgrounds of two epics, the two super-heroes, Siegfried and Rostam, are compared and common themes and common historical and epic features in these two prominent masterpieces are entertained.

The medical terms currently used are derived from a variety of sources. These terms are often derived from an eponym. Eponyms are a long-standing tradition in medicine. Eponyms usually involve honoring a prominent physician-scientist who played a significant role in identifying the disease or the person who first reported the disease or the area where a disease first broke out in there. Eponyms are sometimes associated with myth, literature, and art. Of course, the mythological, literary, and artistic figures used in medicine as eponyms are mostly related to Greek and Roman mythology and English and German literature. However, without knowing the ancient records of a disease such as Sarsam (delirium), Barsam (pleurisy), Da'alfil (elephantiasis), Da'al-Raqs (chorea), Pisi (Vitiligo), Degg (languish), Zat-ul- reyeh (Pneumonia), and Zat-ul-Janb (pleurisy), one can specialize in medicine, but, recalling of literary and mythological letters, even those that have no practical application today or have been forgotten somewhere in the history of medicine, can soften medical science and allow us to link science and art. In this article, eponyms that are related to the sciences of anatomy and biochemistry are studied based on myth.

Considering the new approach to teaching the German language and the tendency to use literary texts rather than ordinary ones in classes, the importance of narrative literature education, particularly the genre of the "novella" and its positive role in language learning is clear due to its unique and appealing features. All events narrated and defined in narrative literature are mainly referred to by the general term "story" (Erzählung) from which the novella themes are not excluded. And this is because there are many differences among the terms "story", "short story", "novella" and other literary genres. In German literature many stories are called "novellas" regardless of their content and forms; and the distinctive definition of the "novella" is limited to its shorter form in comparison to the novel. This superficial impression of the novella is not suitable for the most beautiful and interesting kind of narrative literature. This article aims to introduce the beauty and true nature of the novella, resulting in the improvement of the reader's understanding and impression in this regard. Apart from using these texts in German language teaching, it also intends to create a milieu in which this unique type of literature can come out of its current isolation and encourage many readers to read it.

Arthur Schnitzler, an Austrian author and playwright, is one of the founders of modern German literature. Being associated with the latest literary trends of his time, Schnitzler has been a pioneer in some fields. He has influenced several generations of artists in the west and the east up to now. Schnitzler is known to be a psychologist-psychoanalyst author. Literary critics have praised his rare intelligence in revealing motives hidden behind human actions. Schnitzler’s world of fiction has other remarkable aspects that this article is going to deal with. The most important one of them are implicit humanism and decadence that are expressed in his writings. This article also examines main features of fictional writing of Schnitzler as an author who has never been presented in Iran adequately and never received the attention he deserves. The study acquaints readers with thoughts of Schnitzler and certain technical characteristics of his art too.