Germination is probably the most important event for the success of plant and plays a major role in crop production. Appropriate temperature control of seeds leads to uniform germination and efficient management of the production of seedling, which are required for successful cultural practices. For studying of response of germination in Zygophyllum and Hemp, a CRD experiment performed in seed research laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch with four replication which temperature treatment were twelve levels as: 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 0C for Hemp and eight levels as: 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 0C for Zygophyllum. Describing of reaction of germination to temperature and determination of cardinal temperatures tested by Nonlinear regression model as segmented model. Results revealed that temperature had a significant effects on rate and germination percent in two plants. In Zygophyllum , the lowest germination percent occurred in 70C and temperatures lower tha it, and so in the higher temperatures. Also, the highest germination percent in this plant observed in 15-20 0C. Similar to effect of temperature on germination percent, the lowest germination rate obtained in temperature 7 0C and lower than it and the higher temperature than 30 0C. Also, in Hemp the maximum germination percent observed in range 15-20 0C. As it expected, the highest germination rate occurred in this temperature range. Although, the minimum percent and rate of germination were related to temperature 3 and 50 0C and The most germination percent occurred in 15- 20 0C in two plants and the highest value of rate germination were 20 and 25 0C in Zygophyllum and Hemp respectively. The Segmented model had the less RMSE, CV and the more R2 and good correlation coefficients, thus was a well model which cardinal temperature as:base, upper and bottom optimum and ceiling temperatures were 7.2, 21.07 and 30.0 0C respectively in Zygophyllum and in Hemp were 4.74, 23.98 and 45.95 0C, Also, the maximum germination rate (rmax ) was 0.007 and 0.041 in Zygophyllum and Hemp respectively. Overall results revealed that in all of two plants (Hemp and Zygophyllum) but increasing in temperature to 15-20 0C, rate and percent of germination upgraded rapidly but increasing temperature to 30 0C, aging was caused that seed no germinate in Zygophyllum. So, in Hemp this diminish in germination rate followed to 50 0C and generally, result emphasized that segmented model determined cardinal temperature acceptably.

In order to effect primary germination percent of seed lot and seed size and shape hybrid maize (Zea mays L.,) single cross 704 (Sc. 704) on seed vigor was carried out in seed quality analysis laboratory and research field as factorial experiment by completely randomized design and randomized complete block design respectively with four replications at Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI) in 2012. The treatments were included at three seed size and shape flat, medium and round by seed primary germination percent 88, 90 and 92%. The seed and seedling vigor were studied at the laboratory by seedling growth analysis through standard germination test and normal seedlings percent, mean daily germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, seedling length and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigor indices determined in laboratory. Also seedling field emergence percent and rate and seedling length and weight vigor indices in field measured. The results showed that seeds having various primary germination percent had significant different related to seed and seedling vigor indices. Also flat seed shape compared with round shape and medium size seeds had higher germination ability and related to seed and seedling vigor indices. In spite of this results, studied related to seedling emergence and vigor if field indices of having various primary germination percent and size and shape seeds had not significant difference but mean daily germination with seedling emergence percent and rate in field had significant positive correlation. Generally, under this experiment conditions seeds having higher primary germination percent and flat shape had seeds had more germination ability and stronger vigor.

This research was done during 2015-2016 as split-plot experiment as RCD with 3 replication in laboratory of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Zanjan. Sowing date of mother plant as main-plot in 3 levels contained: D1: 7 Oct 2011, 2012 D2: 22 Oct 2011, 2012 D3: 6 Nov 2011, 2012 and 10 cultivars of mother plant included: Opera, Karaj3, KR4, GAo96 × Zarfam (1)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(5), Orient × Modena (2)(4), Orient × Modena (5)(4), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (5)(2) and GAo96 × Zarfam (5)(1) as sub-plots were considered that conducted in a two year experiments as split-plot as base of RCBD. The studied traits included: germination percent, time required for germination, germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight. The result of variance analysis showed that sowing date and cultivar simple effect were significant on mentioned traits. Sowing date and cultivar interaction also was significant effect on mention characteristics. The mean comparison of sowing date and cultivar interaction on germination percent demonstrated that Opera, Okapi x GA096 (5)(2) and GA096 x Zarfam (5)(1) each with mean of 100% had the most germination percent in all sowing date. Generally, results revealed that delaying in sowing date resulted to decreased germination percent. Result showed that cultivars and lines that had the highest germination percent also had the longest root and shoot length.

In order to study on effect of hybrid maize single cross 704 having different primary germination percent various seed shapes on vigor and seedling field emergence, research was conducted at Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI) seed analysis laboratory and research field at Karaj in 2012. In laboratory, flat, medium and round having primary germination 88, 90, and 92 percent seeds vigor assessed by five vigor tests including radical emergence, electrical conductivity, cold, brick grit (Hiltner) and accelerated aging tests and germination percent after 66 and 144 h. in radicle emergence rate test, electrical conductivity and final germination and normal seedlings percent, seedling length and dry weight, seedling vigor length and weight Indices determined. In field seedling emergence percent and rate and cumulative rate and seedling length and weight vigor indices measured.  The results showed flat seed with 92 percent primary seed germination in comparison with other studied seed shapes and primary seed germination percent, had higher related to seed germination ability and vigor indices. In spite of which primary seed germination percent and various seed shapes effect on related to seedling field emergence indices was not significant, for the reason significant correlation of radical emergence percent after 144 h. in radicle emergence rate test and seedling field emergence percent and cumulative emergence rate, radicle emergence rate test could be effectively used for field seedling emergence and establishment.

In order to evaluation of most suitable seed moisture content at harvest for production of high viability and vigor seed of two Oil-seed rape cultivars، this study was conducted during 2000- 2009 in Dezfoul. Therefore samples of Hyola 401 and Hyola 308 cultivars seeds by 10%، 15%، 25% and 35% moisture content harvest from seed multiplying field and at central seed analysis laboratory of Seed & Plant Certification & Registration Institute (SPCRI) in Karaj by conducting standard germination test، some seed quality indices like as primary and final germination percent (seed viability)، normal and abnormal seedling number، mean daily germination speed (MDG)، daily germination speed (DGS)، seedling length، fresh and dry seedling weight and seedling vigor index (seedling dry weight × viability) measured. Obtained data by 2×4 factorial experimental based on completely randomized design with three replication، combine analyzed and results revealed that expect of normal and abnormal seedling number، all measured indices affected by studied factors and primary and final germination percent، mean daily germination speed (MDG)، fresh and dry seedling weight and seedling vigor index (seedling dry weight × viability) affected by cultivar × seed moisture content × year interaction. Highest primary and final germination percent obtained at 15 percent seed moisture content for both cultivars. Also the highest rate of mean daily germination speed (MDG)، fresh and dry seedling weight and seedling vigor index (seedling dry weight × viability) obtained at 15 percent seed moisture content for both cultivars. In addition to، primary and final germination percent of Hyola 401 was more than Hyola 308. This result revealed that seed quality and its various aspects affected by environmental factors and seeds harvested at 15 percent moisture content have highest seed quality.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on germination, growth of maize hybrid SC704 under salinity and drought stress condition and select the best priming treatment in under stress condition, an experiment was applied as completely randomized design with three replications in Safiabad agriculture research center of Dezful in 1389-90. First factor include three levels of priming (control, Seeds treated with distilled water, seeds treated with kno3 1%),second factor include two levels osmotic solution(NACL,PEG6000), and third factor osmotic potentials include (0,-0/3, -0/6,-0/9 and -1/2 MPa). in this research some seed germination index were measured such as germination percent, length, fresh and dry weight root and shoot, CVG, germination speed and mean germination time. results indicate that percent germination delayed in both solutions (NACL,PEG). germination percent and other index germination were affected priming treatment and stress condition and were significant. also seeds were germinated at all concentrations of NACL but seeds werent germinated at osmotic potential -1/2 MGa of PEG treatment. priming seed cause increased germination percent and seedling growth under salinity and drought stresses. according to the observed results, treated seeds with kno3 1% were best and most effective treatment for germination percent.

Due to encroachment and intense utilization, natural ecosystems of Zagros lost their normal trend and have converted to fragile and sensitive ecosystems. There are dense human populations that live in these forests which are depended on these forest resources. One of the most important utilizations in northern Zagros is Galazani (pruning) and using of oak limbs as fodder. This kind of use leads to prominent changes in forest structure and its physiognomy in some region (for example Alot in Kurdistan province) which can be a hazard for forest sustainability. Regarding to this problem and having no regeneration from seed, qualitative characteristics of Gall oak acorns, that is one of the most prominent species in these forests, was investigated in three untouched and pruned sites. Totally 60 Gall-oak trees (10 trees per site) and 6000 acorns (100 acorns per tree) were collected. Primary moisture of acorns in untouched sites was a little more than in pruned sites but there was no significant difference between them. The weevil Curculio gladium and Balaninus gladium were the insect species that predated the acorns collected from our sites. There were significant difference (in level of 95%) in the infestation rate among untouched and pruned sites of Blake, however in Ghole-shir and Mir-Yousef sites were no significant differences between insect-infested acorns. The weight of thousand acorns was significantly more in untouched sites; probably because of having more time to storing enough nutrients in their cotyledons. Germination percent and germination index data were analyzed by simple One Way ANOVA, and their averages were compared by Duncan test. There were no significant differences between germination percent of untouched and pruned sites. Comparing means indicate that, Blake site with 96.75 germination percent was placed in group A, Ghole-shir and Mir-Yousef sites were placed in group B with 90.78 and 88.75 germination percent, respectively. Germination index of untouched and pruned sites had no significant differences and in Duncan grouping they placed in one group. The values for germination index in Mir-Yousef, Blake and Ghole-shir sites were 13.18, 12.83 and 12.36, respectively.

Environmental stress, especially drought stress, can play an important role in the reduction of the plant growth stage, specifically during germination. To explore the germination mechanism of drought-stressed germination indices of sugar beet improved by exogenous proline, an experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete design with four replications in laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord in 2016. In this experiment, treatments included five levels of drought treatments (distilled water,-2,-6,-10 and-14 bar) and seed soaking with Proline (0 (control), 5 and 10 mM. Results indicated that germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet seeds significantly decreased under drought stress, while increased mean germination time and allometry coefficient. Soaking with exogenous proline improved the germination percent, coefficient of velocity of germination, relative germination and seed length and weight vigor index of sugar beet under drought stress. Moreover, application of 10 mM proline decreased mean germination time and allometry coefficient 10 and 25% as compared to the control, respectively. In a word, soaking with proline could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of drought stress on sugar beet seed germination.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at two locations: Agricultural and natural resource center of Ardebil province (Moghan) and seed and plant certification and registration institute of Karaj in 2013. The treatments included: planting date in three levels (10-May, 25-May and 9-Jun), seed moisture content at harvest time in four levels (30%, 25, 20 and 15) and seed size in three levels (flat, round and medium). The measured traits were a standard germination test, mean time of germination, seedling weight and length vigor index, germination percent in radical emergence test and germination percent in cold test. The results illustrated that delayed planting caused reduction of seed quality and this reduction was more obvious in delayed harvest (15%), also the reduction rate in round seeds was more than flattered and medium seeds. The minimum percentage of germination and vigor were seen in round seeds of third planting date and moisture harvest by 15%. So it is recommended for corn seed production to sow the seeds before the last week of May and when seed moisture content reached 30 percent, cob harvesting should be started and the harvest not be delayed.

In order to study on effect of Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate on germination and seedling growth of canola Hyola401 cultivar, this research in laboratory and greenhouse were conducted based on completely randomized design (CRD) by four replications. Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate concentration levels respectively were 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mM and 1, 3, 5, 10 and 12 andmicro;m and effects of those on germination percent, days number to 50% germination (G50), primary shoot and root length in laboratory and seedlings final emergence percent, days number to seedlings 50% emergence (E50), days number between seedlings 10 to 90% emergence (E10-90), seedlings chlorophyll content and remind seedlings number at end of experiment (seedling survival) were determined. Results showed that Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate significantly improves germination percent, days number to 50% germination (G50), primary shoot and root lengthin canola seed compared with control. Also Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl Jasmonate also increase chlorophyll content and seedling survival compared with control and among variousstudied Salicylic acid (SA) concentration levels 0.1 mM and 5 andmicro;m Methyl Jasmonate caused most improved germinatin characters.