Applying address terms is considered as a kind of observing social politeness in the society and the speakers of each language use them regarding their particular ways. This article is an analytic-descriptive research which assesses address terms in the Persian and Gilaki languages and compares them with each other. Fifty Gilaki speakers and 50 Persian speakers, ranged between 25 to 40 years old, were selected as the samples of the study. Researchers tried to answer two questions: 1) What are the most frequently used address terms in Persian and Gilaki?, and 2) What is the difference between these terms in the two languages? The results reveal that Persian and Gilaki speakers are similar in applying the address terms of “nick names” and “kinship phrases”, however, after these two, the Persian ones use more “respectful titles” while the Gilaki ones apply more “titles” to call each other. Besides, address terms of “clipping”, “religious names” and “other names” are among the least frequently used phrases in Gilaki. Although there is no significant difference between applying the terms in the two languages, the existence of the above-mentioned differences indicate the cultural distinctions of the two sample societies.

The Gilaki dialect is one of the new Iranian dialects spoken in Gilan. This dialect belongs to the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages. In the Gilaki dialect the formation of the infinitive is based on past and 6 Iranian Languages and Dialects 2 Summary of Articles present stems as well as some nouns and adjectives. Contrary to the phonological changes of the Gilaki words, it is not difficult to recognize their old forms. The structure of the infinitive in the Gilaki dialect and the etymology of some infinitives are dealt with in the present paper.

In this Article, we investigated the phonological distribution of stress in Gilaki. To this end, words from four different morpho-syntactic classes were gathered which varied in the location of stress depending on their morphological structure. 14 native speakers of Gilaki read the target words. The words were then phonologically transcribed and the location of stress was determined. An overview of the data suggested that lexical stress in Gilaki is predominantly word-final; however, the presence of some affixes results in the distribution of non-final stressed words in this language. The data were analyzed within the metrical phonology to reach a generalized account of the varied distribution of stress in Gilaki. Thus, we suggested that stress in Gilaki is either assigned at the level of phonological word in which stress is located on the last syllable of the word, or at the level of phonological phrase in which stress is placed the strong syllable of the leftmost phonological word in the phrase.

Modal verbs are a group of helping verbs that represent modal concepts in relation to the main verb and are the result of the occurrence of grammaticalization, the process by which the grammatical items are created. In this study we investigate the grammaticalization of modal verb vastǝn (have to) in Gilaki, one of the Iranian languages of the western branch. Gilaki is a language with poor historical data, so we use Hopper's principles of gammaticalization (1991) as the main framework of the research to identify cases of grammaticalization. We also use the concepts word order, reanalysis, analogy and desemanticization. We measure the effectiveness of these principles and in some cases we present an alternative analysis. In this paper after introducing the theoretical framework, we analyze the data. The results show that with regard to borrowing of modal element of obligation from Persian to Gilaki, two functional items including modal element of tendency and negation element are specific for Gilaki. Changing in the imperative mood system is the most important result that is obtained through grammaticalization of modal verb vastǝn which makes Gilaki different from other Iranian languages.

To consider significant variation of dialects of Gilaki Language and different approaches on the classification of clitics and different usage of this element in the Iranian dialects and languages, writer purposes to determine variation of clitics in Gilaki language, various features of clitics and their position in this language. There are two questions here: 1-how is typological verity of clitic and its feature in Gilaki language? 2- where is the position of clitic in the sentences of this language? it seems that there is same varity of clitic in three dialect divisions of Gilaki and clitic occupy second position into the sentences of this language. linguistic data of Gilaki has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which It has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method. The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronoun pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language.There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isnchr('39')t possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.

IntroductionEtymology is in brief the study of word’s origin or history. Thus, to achieve the correct root of ¬a word, one should get back in time to be able to provide evident information about the word and confidently restore the word-formation process. Gilaki dialect is a modern Iranian one belongs to the northwestern branch of Iranian languages and dialects spoken toward the edge of Caspian Sea and the sideline of southwest coast of the Sea. Like other Iranian dialects, Gilaki is of several types such that sometimes a different variation is used in the neighboring parts. In addition, Gilaki, in terms of linguistics is significantly different from standard Persian in different structural, phonological, and lexica levels.
MethodologyThis research is a diachronic one which studies the etymology of twenty Gilaki words on the basis of the reliable references of historical linguistics as well as etmylogical ones. Based on researcher’s intuition, the data were collected from the plains of east Guilan and the mountainous part of Deylaman and some others were gathered in the field. In any entry, the ancient Iranian and Indo-European roots along with the phonological/ structural features of the word are given. Then, the cognates of other Iranian languages and dialects are presented. The field method was used to get the data from Tati, Talishi, Mazandarani, and Hawrami. The phonemic transcription of the data was done in terms of the methods and symbols prevalent in the works in Iranian languages. 3- Discussion -ča: mən »urine «This is the Gilaki noun derived from ancint Iranian *č āman- *uara- > vər- -dajanēn» to pain «It is the Gilaki causative verb from causative stem dajan-, present stem daj- derived from ancient Iranian *daj-» to burn, to fire «> *daja- > daj-. - dəxrāvəstən» crumble «It is the Gilaki verb from derivative prefix də-, past stem xrāvəst- derived from *xrau-» to tear, to rip, to break «>*xrāua- > xrāv-. - fušon» wrinkle «It is the Gilaki noun from derivative prefix fu-» bottom «and šon *vaxta- > vat-. -kərjə» tap, flick «It is the Gilaki noun derived from ancient Iranian *karčaka- *mixta- > məxt- > mət. - nəštə» old «It is the Gilaki participle based on ancient participle derived from *nas-» to disappear, to vanish «> *nasta- > našt-. - nəvəstə» moved «It is the Gilaki participle based on past stem of nəvəst- formed on present stem nəv-: *naṷ-» to move «> *naṷa- > nəv-. -rut» muddy & contaminated water «It is the relic of ancient Iranian participle *ruta- *tāra- > tār-. -valət» torn «It is the relic of ancient participle from derivative prefix va- and *rak-» to cut, to tear «>*rakta- > lət-. -vindərdə» standing «It is the Gilaki participle from the ancient Iranian *ṷi-ni-dar-» to stand «> *ṷindarta- > vindərd- xəfə» cough «It is the Gilaki noun derived from *xafaka- *zāra- > zār-» to hurt, to injure, to irritate «
ConclusionStudying the etymology of Gilaki words not only reveals the association of this dialect with other Iranian dialects particularly Tati, and Talishi in three periods of Ancient, Middle, and Modern Iranian, it also reflects the developmental process of phonemes and lexical structures and indicates the lexical and semantic capacity of this dialect, as well as other Iranian languages, and the related dialects. Taking the opportunity to scrutinize Iranian languages and dialects in terms of historical linguistics and etymological researches. This is to find a way not only to preserve and keep these valuable treasures but also to use their lexical and semantic capacity for word-formation and further to enhance the richness of Persian language.

It is no available an exat information of the Gilaki Dialect. The most Gilaki’s works have been written in the Mashrute era to present. The zeidi’s scientists have written Quran interpretations in Gilaki and Tabari languages in third and fourth of Hejra centuries . These interpretations was common in prose at Dailami era. The most ancient Gilaki poets were at Alebuye age. A poet named Divarehvarz who has lived in the Majdoldouleh Deilami era. Pirsharafsha, Dulaee, Qasemanvar are the poets who have composed poems in Gilaki dialects. Pir Sharafsha dolaee lived in 9th century of Hejrah in Gilan. His poetry includes 821 couplets in Gilaki dialect. There is no information on his life. His Divan was edited 2 times. His poems is mixed with gnostic concepts and words and lyric. The advenyure of Pirsharafsha love to Khori – the Amireh Sasangakeri’s sister is famous among people. In this article, the summary of the literature of Gilaki background is presented the poet’s biography is introduced. In othrer section the cncepts and the poet’s thoughts in 29 categories are stated.

There is a typical inflectional prefix /bv-/ in past perfectives of many variants of Gilaki Language, which either has been considered as a mood affix in many syntactic sources of Gilaki, or has been neglected in other sources. In many of the mentioned variants, if this affix is omitted, the verb turns from past perfective to past imperfective. This article tries to prove that this affix is not a mood, ornament or extra affix, but an aspect affix which in origin, was not inflectional, although it has become inflected and grammaticalised due to the historical evolutions occurred to Gilaki. This process has led the Gilaki simple past to “markedness”, while substantially it has not been “marked”. Thus, it can be indicated that “markedness” might change diachronically.

Onomatopoeic words are names referred to sounds made by animals, birds, human beings, and nature. They are similar to the sounds they are described; In fact, in these kinds of words, the relation between form and meaning is natural. However, there are varieties among onomatopoeic words in different languages, sometimes they are rooted in different structures of the languages and in some cases indicating their cultural diversities. In this study, structures and semantics of the onomatopoeic words in Gilaki and Rashti dialects are studied. Thus, 138 onomatopoeic words have been extracted from two Gilaki glossaries and two Gilaki native-speakers who are almost 60 years-old, and the findings are presented in four tables based on their significance. Then, according to morphological forms of the onomatopoeic words, they are classified in three primary groups as simple, complete reduplication and partial one, and two secondary groups such as re-reduplication and discrete reduplication. Finally, in comparison with Persian onomatopoeias, it has been shown that from a structural perspective, there are many similarities between the onomatopoeias of the two languages; but from a semantic-pragmatic viewpoint, there are some differences which can be explained by cultural and geographical differences between Gilaki and Persian languages in most cases.

The present paper aims to support the VP-internal subject hypothesis in the Gilaki language within a minimalist perspective. The data of this qualitative research has been collected from different sources including the authors’ linguistic intuition and spoken and written texts. It is worth nothing that the variety of Gilaki selected and explored in this research is spoken in the center and west of the Guilan province. However, the findings can be generalized to all other varieties of Gilaki. We provided pieces of evidence from floating quantifiers, coordinate structure constraint, idiom chunks and raising in order to specify the base-position of the external argument (argument), and showed that the Gilaki data verify the VP-internal subject hypothesis. In fact, We argued that subject is base generated in [Spec,VP], and then move to [Spec,IP] to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle [EPP]. In other words, all arguments of the verbs including subject are base generated within VP, and the surface position of the subject [Spec,IP] hosts a derived subject.