Nowadays, the lack of attachment is a significant point in the construction of towns, which is demonstrated with criteria such as lack of environmental attraction and visual qualities, lack of readability, security, and so on. These factors will affect peoplechr('39')s relationship with the environment around them and thus their satisfaction. Golha Town faces numerous problems including lack of space for gatherings, lack of security and space confusion, inadequacy of appearance of the newly constructed buildings in relation to older monuments, and most importantly the existence of empty and unused land. The method used in this research is combinational including a set of descriptive-analytical methods. Data collection is performed using field and documentary methods. The statistical sample of the study was considered to be 384 people, based on the population of Rasht city. By distributing 420 questionnaires, 386 correct questionnaires were answered and returned. Analysis of questionnaires was performed by SPSS software. Measurement of selectivity, permeability and readability was also accomplished using the space syntax method and integration and connectivity analysis on the road adjacent to Golha town. The results showed that the impact of criteria such as readability, security and permeability was moderate. Visual proportions, elemental functions and access have a great effect on increasing the satisfaction of residents. As a result, the use of architectural patterns, considering pausing and moving spaces, creation of management applications, prevention of mass construction and indoor parks, are among the solutions to create the desired increase in satisfaction.

Urban development in the world، particularly in developing countries، has adhered various issues and complications. Nascent rise of towns، having urban-village nature is a phenomenon facing in many different countries including Iran. Role of towns in balancing regional development and life style in towns has resulted in attracting more attention in national and urban development policy-making in recent years. These towns with strengths and opportunities ahead are faced with many problems، especially in terms of financial management. Towns، with urban trends، have village simplicity nature and basically have the rural economic and social relations. Having special nature، these towns have their own problems (such as unstable financial resources، manpower and technical weaknesses، etc.); hence، require special management. With a new look to the urban management in towns، this paper deals with identifying and to some extend analyzing towns facing management problems. For this purpose، we analyzed the management problems through studying available documents and data collection using questionnaire and face-to-face interview with mayors of some of the towns in Kermanshah، Hamedan، and Kurdistan Provinces. The information achieved from this study reveals that the main issue faced by urban management in towns is financial issues and shortage of stable financial resources، accelerated by problems such as improper manager selection، lack of using available opportunities (due to the economical and management weakness). Our results indicated that financial support and stable income for town as well as utilizing experiences of private sector are among the essential requirements of urban management in towns. Meanwhile، these towns should fix the problems in the field of human resources، technical and show serious attention to the capacity building in various areas. Although the limited financial resources are the main factor fueling to other problems such as infrastructure defects، and technical and human capacities، but comparing different towns shows that urban management and innovation of urban managers as a determinant factor play a critical role in reducing financial and material problems in towns. Nevertheless، towns have their own particular social and cultural characteristics، which may result in creating opportunities such as beneficiary of the available social capital، and threats such as ignoring the present regulations.

Introduction In recent decades، it was considered development and strengthening of small towns as a strategy for rural development and stressed that these cities as central places، have the most relations with rural settlements. So they have the potential to play an important role in the development of rural areas. In Iran following the policy of promoting villages to towns، many villages promoted to towns and they are considered as small towns in the settlement hierarchy. Of these towns is the present town of Eij located in Estahban County (Fars province) that has promoted to a town since 2002. So this study aims at examining the role of the present town of Eij in the development of villages in this county. 2. Theoretical bases: There are several basic flows between urban and rural areas such as traffic of people، goods and capital. In this respect، small towns which are mostly rural areas promoting to towns are assigned as a link between rural areas and larger cities. These towns keep an organized relationship between cities and villages and easily transfer the necessary conditions and requirements of development to rural areas under their territories. These towns easily accept developmental incentives and have an effective role in the evolution of surrounding regions and regarding their size and structure، they have an appropriate potential to prevent problems emanating from urbanization. Focusing on the role of small towns in rural development and dealing with it has long been considered as an important subject in the related literature and there are various ideas about their role in the distribution of modernization، their function as service centers and also their role as to prevent rural migration. So، developing small towns which results to upward urbanization is an effective approach for regional development. 3. To show the role of promotion of Eij district to a town in the development of rural areas in this district، we characterized the indices into 6 groups and studied them. Our findings show that the mean value of all these indices is 3. 13 with a 0. 45 standard deviation. Among our studied indices، the highest mean values respectively belong to form-environment، persistence and satisfaction of population indices and the lowest mean values respectively belong to education-culture، facilities -services indices. Not only our library studies suggest population growth of Eij town compared with before becoming a town، but also show an increase in rural population of that compared with before becoming a town. 4. Our results show that promoting Eij to a town has had an effective role in developing the four indices employment، income and living expenses، population fixation and form-environment in rural areas and the other two indices i. e. facilities-services and education-culture had a little role in this regard. In sum، indices of form-environment of village and education-culture are respectively the most and least effective indices among the studied indices and there is a significant difference for all indices between villages of this district. We also found out that on one hand، there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of relations of our statistical population with the town and their evaluation of the town’s role and on the other hand، there is a direct significant relationship between the former index and their satisfactions of promoting Eij to a town. Our results collectively show that following the policy of promoting villages to towns، Eij as a small town center could have an effective role on the development of rural areas of the studied district and our results is along with some domestic literature such as Niksiresht et al. (2012)، Izadi (2001) and Jomehpour et al (2011). 5. Suggestions: Finally، we pay attention to the subject that generalizing our results and adopting the policy of promoting villages to towns in all temporal and spatial situations is not reasonable and acceptable. In this regard، we refer to some domestic studies that have affirmed unsuccessfulness of the policy of transition to a town (Saraei et al. 2007، Karimi et al. 2012). so our general suggestion is that we must deal with time and space factors in the subject of promoting villages to towns.

Population size, physical boundary and definition of political division of cities and towns of an urban system change over time period. These changes can be led to the functional changes of them. Change of small town’s population is an important factor in urbanization process and urban system. Thus, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the change trends of small town’s (25 to 100 thousand people) status in the urban system of Iran in recent 50 years and wants to answer to this question that “which factors have influenced on changes of number and population of small towns?” The prevailing approach to this research is descriptive – analytical in which balancesheet model has been used to analyze changes in the number and population of small towns and the factors influencing these changes over the period of recent 50 years from 1956 to 2006. In balance sheet model, changes of number and population of a certain class of cities is the result of six factors including the growth of cities from lower classes / to upper classes, decline of cities from upper class / to lower classes, creation of new towns and loss of towns? According to the results gained by balance sheet model, small towns in all decades have grown in terms of number and population. In the all decades, population growth of towns in lower class into small town’s class, and growth of small towns into upper class are the most important factor influencing on changes of the number and population of small towns. In terms of “by place” changes, population growth of small towns increased from 49 percent in period 1956-1966 to more than 80 percent, and decreased to 27 percent in period 1996-2006. In terms of “by class” changes, growth of these towns increased from 54 percent in 1956-1966 to more than more than 77 percent in 1976-1986 period, and decreased to 12 percent in period of 1996-2006. Also in terms of “by class” changes, in-class changes and growth of cities are the most important factors of growth of these towns. in decades 1986 -1996 and 1996 – 2006 were created considerable number of new small towns, especially in the periphery of national metropolitan (Tehran), that in most cases lack real functions of small towns and rather act as habitants for over population of Tehran metropolitan. Thus, in two recent decades (1986-2006), creation of new small towns, especially in Tehran province, is one of influencing parameters on small town’s population growth.

Urbanization in developing countries has caused many problems, such as increase in urbanization, lack of housing and employment, migration and stagnation of villages, and promoting villages to towns is one of the main policies to reduce these problems. Development of small and intermediate urban centers has, for the past several years, been canvassed by many scholars and international aid agencies as an appropriate middle course which combines the advantages of urban as well as rural development, without the shortcomings of excessive metropolitan growth or of the wide dispersal of limited resources in scattered rural villages too small to support basic services. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, there has been a re-thinking of the nature and the impact of rural-urban linkages, with much emphasis placed upon the mutual dependency of rural and urban areas, and the critical role of town and city networks in the process of regional and local economic development. While some of the regional development literature tend to assume that small towns can be an almost ‘magic bullet’, their roles and functions need to be understood within the wider context of national, regional and international urban systems and policies. In Iran during the late half a century, one of the effects of urbanization on urban and population structure is the increase in the number of towns through promoting villages to towns, because there is a positive prospect about the role of promoting villages to towns in regional and local development. This research, based on the studies on Dailaman district, is going to assess the promotion of villages to towns in mountain regions from dimensions like economic prosperity, improvement of social and cultural indicators and promoting physical and environmental conditions. The type of the research is applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The sample (n=485) was selected by stratified random sampling technique from statistical society (N=3650); the sample consists of 192 heads of households from Dailaman town and 293 heads of households from its hinterland. Required information was collected through library studies, direct observations and questionnaires. The main tool for data collection was a researcher-designed questionnaire that had been produced according to research objectives. For analyzing the data, statistical methods such as Mean, Mann-Whitney Test and One-Sample T Test have been used. To achieve the purpose, three dimensions and 82 indicators were used such that 24 indicators were used to assess economical dimensions, 34 indicators to assess social-cultural dimensions and 24 indicators to assess physical-environmental dimensions. The Results of the research indicate that there is a meaningful difference between the views of the two groups about the functions of promoting villages to towns in regional development, and the promotion of villages to towns hasnt succeeded in economic prosperity, improvement of social-cultural indicators and promoting physical-environmental conditions in the region. In the case study, three important functions that a town can execute in its region have been assessed. The results of this research show that the promotion of villages to towns in regional development hasnt been successful. Most of the researches that have been done about the functions of small towns in the development of mountain regions concluded that these towns havent been successful in obtaining their objectives; for example researches of Bajracharya in Nepal (1995) and Saraee and Eskandari Sani in Iran (2007). The results of these researches confirm the viewpoints of Hinderink and Titus (2002), Satterthwaite and Tacoli (2003) and Tacoli (2006) who believe the positive functions of small towns shouldnt be generalized and they arent magic bullets. So the policy of promoting rurals to towns is not consistent with UFRD strategy in the region. Although the promotion of the village to town hasnt been successful in gaining its objectives in the studied region, it is inevitable, because some villages have the conditions of being towns, such as having a certain population. So it is necessary to make guidelines and criteria for promoting villages to towns. These guidelines and criteria should be flexible and in accordance with regional conditions and tendencies. So the policy of promoting rurals to towns is not consistent with UFRD strategy in the region. Although the promotion of the village to town hasnt been successful in gaining its objectives in the studied region, it is inevitable, because some villages have the conditions of being towns, such as having a certain population. So it is necessary to make guidelines and criteria for promoting villages to towns. These guidelines and criteria should be flexible and in accordance with regional conditions and tendencies.

Industrial Revolution and its outcomes caused fast growth of cities and urbanization. Population and industries and overconcentration (especially metropolitans and big cities) and low quality of life on one hand and the limitations of horizontal growth on the other hand, put the strategy of building new towns as the agenda of the governments aiming to absorb population overflow and removing concentration from the metropolitans. Building new towns in Iran has begun since 1980s as a basic solution in the country's system of urbanism. Now with more than two decades of new towns activity, assessment of their Performance seems necessary. For this goal Andishe new town with population of 75596, the most populated new town within other new towns around Tehran-the country's biggest metropolitan is studied. In this research the data of Statistical Centre of Iran interviews with the authorities of New Towns Construction Company, field studies and questionnaires were used. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The findings show that Andishe new town has been successful in absorbing population overflow, gaining the inhabitants satisfaction and providing jobs.

Promoting villages to towns is among the prominent characteristics of urbanization in few past decades and remains as a major challenge facing managers، policymakers and urban planners، particularly in developing countries. In Iran، one of the growing impacts of rapid urbanization on the spatial structure of country is growing the number of urban centers via transformation villages to small towns. Changes in the criteria for separating villages from cities have led to increasing in number of cities from 520 in late 1991 to 1،167 in 2012. In fact، the main objectives of facilitating the promotion of villages to towns are Improving quality of life، better facilities and services and optimizing the gaps between political systems and eliminating or reduction economic and social inequalities between urban and rural areas، as well as coordinating a balanced development tool for rural and urban settlements. Certainly، creating and strengthening of rural-urban interactions require an appropriate and efficient network with organized different hierarchical levels. In the hierarchy of urban settlements، hierarchy، small towns have a significant place، because of their substantial roles in establishing and strengthening the links between rural-urban settlements and their relationships. Therefore one of the effective strategies in this regard is creating، strengthening and developing small towns in rural areas. Fars province in Iran is among the provinces which have experienced this phenomenon in past two decades and include a large number of these small towns. Now، this is a basic question that were promoting of villages to towns and forming small towns in rural areas is effective in rural and regional development، as well as strengthening rural-urban interactions or not. This research is based on the studies on Beyza district in Sepidan Township، Fars province، for assessing the Promotion of Villages to Town، and its role for enhancement of Rural – Urban Interactions. This article has reviewed and analyzed the type as well as quantity and quality of spatial interactions between Beyza town and its surrounding villages before and after its transformation to a town. The type of research is descriptive-analytic and its data has been gathered through documentary field methods. Beyza district includes 82 villages and Beyza town. Beyza town was formed by merging two villages (Harabal and Poshtbagh) in 1999. In this study، the authors examined following issues، before and after the transition of Beyza to town: - The flow of administrative، educational، shopping and health dealings between villages and town; - Rural road the traffic and transportation situation of rural roads، the distances and types of vehicles. Due to the homogeneity of the study area، 28 rural settlements have been selected for field studies. In sample villages، 334 rural households (15%) and 86 urban households in Beyza town (15% of all) have been selected as the sample size using cluster sampling. The results have been presented by maps، tables and statistical analysis. Discussion and The results showed that there has been a gradual and positive increase in functional linkages and spatial relationships between Beyza and its surrounding areas. The findings of this study showed that promoting Harabal and Poshtbagh villages to town acted an important role in development of spatial interactions in this region. The sphere of influence of Beyza has expanded significantly after promotion to town، because of enhancing the quantity and quality of services. Comparing the amount of traveling rural families to Beyza in the mentioned periods revealed a significant difference between the periods with increasing the households from 3. 9 to 64. 3 percent. Also Wilcoxon test confirmed significant differences in the high-level. Improving the quantity and quality of services delivery in Beyza town has caused about 90 percent of sample households visit this town daily or at least once per week. The majority of rural and urban households believe that the quality and quantity of services in this town has increased after becoming a town. Moreover، 75. 6 percent of urban households believe in increasing the levels of services in Beyza by transforming to a town. After that، due to establishing facilities and administrative services and increasing commercial services in town، it is referred as the first urban center for delivering needed services. In the past two decades، the policy of promoting villages to town has changed the hierarchy of urban and rural settlements as wall as the spatial interactions in Iran. This policy has included both positive and negative consequences. In this case study، it was determined that promotion villages to town has increased spatial relationships and interactions between the town and surrounding villages and hinterland’s has expanded compared with before becoming a town. The results of the research have showed that the Beyza town plays a key role in offering services to the surrounding areas، which consequently reduces the dependency of rural areas to the big urban centers. The results also showed that the promotion of villages to towns in rural and regional development has been successful. These findings are consistent with many other studies with optimistic views towards the mentioned issue. Generally، formation of small towns in rural areas with regard to efficiency criteria and standards of scientific experiments includes positive effects on rural-urban interactions. It also improves the spatial structure of rural areas. Therefore، logical and scientific criteria and standards should be developed in consistent with the strategy of developing small towns.

In the term of growth urbanization، especially in developing countries، become a main trend in the world in large scale and huge amount of urban land transform to the urban buildings، always one important thing ignoring: urban spaces identity. Theoretical bases: Urban spaces identity is the most important issue in 21 century in social and physical domain. It is important for tow reason: first weakness of identity-make elements in new development process and second inattention to the identifier motives in development plans from detail scale to massive scale. New towns، specially، lack of this shortage and unsuccessful in population attraction for this are the main sign. The main goal of paper is survey of this subject in ten new towns in Iran (after revolution). new towns in Iran (after revolution) one of the most important policy in urban development process that Affected on urban development and urbanization. Therefore it is important for urban planner and management that be aware from the main current problems that this new towns. One of these problems is town identity and lack of that in case study in this research. Methodology research is combination of quantities and qualitative methods with using of Goular matrix model and questioner technique. The result shows that in final ranking Baharestan new town with 62 prominences of 100 is first based of selected criteria and Andishe and Pardis new towns are next. In the other hand town identity in Baharestan new town is strong in compare with the other cases. It caused by several reasons: first optimize urban planning in such new town، second exist of identifier elements and factors that strengthening the town identity in Baharestan. Notable result that population attraction in these new towns has harmony with results of this paper. Suggestions Based: on research result a framework proposed for Promotion of urban identity in the new cities was selected According to Guler model. In this framework using 8 criteria current situation and desired situation survey and optimized policy proposed.

Abstrac We con to point to making interest and confidence in people for developing and to progress and decrease of centralization of most import effect of the process of to plan and to manage about the town so the most important tool for to succeed to manage about the town is to enjoy of people participate. Knowing the effeteness factors it is so important for to develop and to progress, of people participate. Participate is not new phenomena in our country, but with increase of city dweller and with result of this subject mean pattern change of participate, it feels that we should review in this sense and showing or presenting the suitable pattern, that it suit able with citizen needs fasa town with 92020 population in 1385 year is one of the most population city of fars province. Some (challenge) problems face with manage about the town in suitable serving to citizen that its related to not activate participate of citizen it is include, lack of income about mange the town, not participate of some of the citizen relate to pay taxes t office town. The goal of this research is to study of the function of management in fasa in relate to citizen participate in matter about the town. In this research that is apply and develop kind use of describe analyze research to answer the questions and presenting the key ways. The Use of two different ways mean, documentary and measuring for gather information. In this research for survey of manage about the fasa in relate to citizen participate in matter about the town, first study the relate literally after to recognize the view and different patterns in scientific research two pre-condition are essential mean: - tendency and to lean to participate and 2- possible participate (town management) in result the main focus on the. Possible participate (town management). For knowing and measuring the essential variables that shows the function of management of fasa in relate to citizen participate in matter about to town recognize ten original variables. That survey in form of questionnaire and basis of this questionnaire recognize the possible participate, to collect, performance about fasa we survey and analyze all of relate things. Result of this research show that town management of fasa in this case had a poor function so that the result of anally data this function in little and very little level.

INTRODUCTIONThe rapid growth of population in big cities of Iran and the need for leading this overflow of population and future economic activities from big cities to new towns have necessitated constructing them. Therefore, due to the economic, social and structural issues of Iran's cities, the solution for making new towns has been proposed. The plan of constructing new towns was suggested by the welfare committee of government's employees in the ministry of roads and Urban Development. There are some issues in relation to establishing new towns and how to plan and manage them. Not only new towns have not resolved the urban problems but also some problems have emerged in the process of urbanization in Iran and new towns have brought about management gaps. In this regard, the political management ability of a community is one of the most important factors in the planning, designing, implementing and managing a new town. The management ability of a country is greater; the possibility of creating administrative, economic, political and social institutions in a city is more possible. As a result, more people have the opportunity to live in a city with satisfaction. These factors provide more population concentration in an area and on the other hand, present more services to the dwellers. Therefore, the relationship and interaction between social organization and spatial organization is an important research issue in geography and urban planning. New towns can be considered as the most prominent examples of social, political and spatial complexities; because it plays important role in the structure of political, social and economic relations in societies.
Thus, this research is going to answer these questions:• How is the political management of new towns evaluated in the current situation?
• What is the pattern of the structure of urban governance in new towns of metropolitan cities?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe political management of a town is the exact representation of local government and urban system that facilitate the spatial distribution in the towns and attempt to conceive the inside and outside of urban space and as a consequence the welfare and prosperity of people are provided in their life. The existing structure of management of new towns and their duties is the product of years of focusing on the system of government and bureaucracy. This structure of management does not possess enough ability to meet the increasing demands caused by the rapid growth of urbanization and outbreak of new changes in the social, structural and economic structure of new towns. Consequently, to solve this problem, in Article 12 of the Law of creating new towns, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development shall ensure to announce the settlement of at least ten thousand people in a new town to the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Interior is obliged to establish city council and municipality in that new town, even if the plan of the new town is not finished yet. Not only by establishing the Municipality, the problem is not resolved, but also the management of these towns follows a dual model that has negative impacts on the function of new towns. The management of new towns is based on the management model of political spaces (The Ministry of Interior and State Governments) and the other one is the model of New Towns Development Company.
METHODOLOGYThe present study, in terms of purpose is an applied research and in terms of analysis method is a descriptive and analytical one. In this study thirty elite people were chosen by random sampling. The twenty-eight research indicators were selected based on the literature of research and the experiences of studies and also according to the purpose of the researches on political management in new towns. The K-S test was used to prove the normality of the variables. After defining the items and their normality test, all the items were ranked and specified based on the Likert score.
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONThe findings indicate that the importance of "Justice" indicator in the model of political management of new towns has been evaluated by 37.5 percent as Very Much, 31.2 percent as Much, and the other 31.2 percent evaluated it as Average. These evaluations demonstrate the high importance of Justice in the model of political management of new towns. Therefore, in terms of importance, the priority of indicators in the model of political management is respectively: contribution, enhancing the administrative capacity, empowering the local citizens, justice, and collective identity formation.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONSAccording to a legal definition of duties of these management models of new cities, there are some similar functions that cause conflict and disagreement in managing the new towns. When these management models reach to an agreement in their functions, the town will develop. But the conflicts between them prevent them from focused decision makings. This gaps in the decision-making centers will have a direct impact on the functions.
Thus, these Institutions along with other serving institutions have considered some divisions based on sector plans and job descriptions, and technical and administrative problems. Now the most important problem caused by this multiplexing division is imbalance in the provision of services and lack of coordination. These factors show the increasing necessity of management.
To overcome the challenges of the new towns some strategies are suggested as fellow:• First step: to define a long-term development perspective
• Second step: to prepare an economic framework for sustainable development to reduce the risk of fragile economic structures in the new towns
• Third step: to prepare a comprehensive plan of public services to coordinate public services to local needs.
Strategic recommendations in the field of urban management are presented as these four strategies: establishing effective and developing governance structure in the field of urban management, creating coordination and interaction between institutions and organizations involved in urban management of the new cities, strengthening cooperation and coordination between inter sectorial and inter organizational, leading the objectives and organizational structure towards the developing.