Buried porous clay capsule irrigation is one of the most important traditional methods that could be of great use on small and medium sized farms and gardens. Hydraulic characteristics of porous clay capsules are affected by clay type, clay percent, sand percent, T.N.V. %, wall thickness, soaking time, firing temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The present paper has attempted to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of porous clay capsules based on firing temperature, soaking time, and hydrostatic pressure. Raw materials used for making porous clay capsules were obtained from calcareous soil of Nasr-Abad village of Gorgan city. The amount of sand added for improving hydraulic properties was 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800g into 1000g of Nasr Abad of Gorgan soils respectively. These produced clay capsules were named Gorgan-0, Gorgan-200, Gorgan-400, Gorgan-600, and Gorgan-800 respectively. Results showed that with increasing firing temperature, the soaking time of porous clay capsules decreased. Also the discharge of porous clay capsules, with increasing firing temperature increased. The relationship between discharge of Gorgan-0 and Gorgan-200 with hydrostatic pressures is linear and with increasing fine sand in Gorgan-400, Gorgan-600 and Gorgan-800, the relationship became non-linear. Meanwhile soil wetting shape with clay capsules followed a spherical trend, which is due to the low discharge of clay capsules.

Distribution and size range of juvenile mullets (Liza saliens) was investigated in Southeastern Caspian and Gorgan Bay from June 2014 to June 2015. Sampling performed with a fine mesh (2 mm) beach seine in five sampling sites, two in Caspian and three in Northern beach of  Gorgan Bay. The collected specimens belonged to smallest sizes between 13 to 90 mm. In summer the size range of 18-38 mm were dominant in Gorgan Bay but in Caspian stations the sizes between 30 to 62 mm were more abundant. Specimens with minimum lengths of 13 mm were captured in summer. In fall and winter juvenile mullets occurred in all stations but in Gorgan Bay the specimens had several times reduction in winter. Based on results,  juvenile mullets had a high abundance in nearshore waters of study area specially Gorgan Bay so these habitats could be considered as important nursery grounds for this species. The appearance time of juvenile mullets in nearshore waters of southeastern Caspian and beginning of a new life cycle is similar to western population of this species in Mediterranean Sea.

The aim of this study was evaluating the economic and financial profitability of different cotton cultivation systems and its effects on cropping pattern in Gorgan County during 2014-15. Required information has been collected by stratified random sampling method from 50 farmers who cultivate cotton in three systems of crop cultivation including mono cropping, double cropping (cotton-bean), and intercropping (cotton-sesame). Data between three cotton cultivation systems was analyzed by using SPSS software. After that, the optimal cropping pattern of Gorgan County was determined by using 295 farmers in Gorgan and using mathematical programming model with GAMS software. The results of profitability showed that, double cropping systems of cotton compared to mono cropping and inter cropping systems has more than 18 and 26 percent economic profitability and 20 and 22 percent financial profitability respectively.The results of determining the optimal cropping pattern of Gorgan county showed that, double cropping system due to more economic and financial profitability than other products, was included in the copping pattern of the county and other cotton cropping systems removed from the model. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that by encouraging farmers to use a double cropping system, the total cultivation area of cotton could be increased in Gorgan County.

Gorgan Bay is a semi enclosed water body which currently has only a permanent connection with the Caspian Sea through mouth of Ashouradeh-Bandartorkaman. Decreasing trend of the Caspian Sea water level in past 19 years caused to adverse effects by land production in shallow coasts of Gorgan Bay and it is threatening that limited connection of Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will cause disconnection totally. In this research, the effects of decreasing trend of the Caspian Sea water level on the connection status of Gorgan Bay were modeled under two scenarios of decreasing mean water level collections of the Caspian Sea. In first set of scenarios, the average of 5.2 cm and in set of second scenarios the average of 10.5 cm of decreasing water level in the Caspian Sea were used to topography position modeling in the Gorgan Bay. Under the first set of scenarios, the results of modeling show that, the connection of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will be cut off permanently in Chapaghly area affected by decreasing in negative level in 27.6 meter in water year of 1410 – 1411. Under the second set of scenarios, the results of modeling show that the connection of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will be cut off permanently in Chapaghly area affected by decreasing in negative level in 27.6 meter in water year of 1402 – 1403. Therefore it suggests that all the projects and the strategic programs of the government in southern coasts of the Caspian Sea including Gorgan Bay, engineering and operational program to be operated according to Amenagement Territoire scheme regarding to the approach of decreasing the level of the Caspian Sea and probable scenarios

Effects of socioeconomic factors on the civil cooperation especially for managing of household sewages (Case study: Gorgan city) Nowadays, mass production of the municipal solid waste is one of the major bioenvironmental problems. Millions of tons of waste are generated in Iran due to the population growth, increase in the number of various products and consumer goods and consumerism among citizens. Therefore, the household waste per capita in Iran and notably in Gorgan is increasing. This is a descriptive – analytical study in terms of the subject and factors, and is applied-developmental study in terms of the purpose and nature. The statistical population consisted of three districts of triad regions of Gorgan with a population of 165752 people and 48751 households of whom 382 people were selected using the Cluster sampling method. This study aimed to investigate the different factors affecting the citizens' participation in waste management. Results showed that the citizens' participation of the different districts of Gorgan is significantly different in managing the household waste and district 2 is different from districts 3 and 1 in terms of the citizens' participation in managing the household waste. Moreover, there is a relationship between the variables of the social and economic bases and household waste management. Furthermore, sex, age and literacy rate contributed to the citizens' participation rate. Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos

Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. growth of cities had many Influences on the environment. As a result of the increase in incompatible effect of the urban growth, United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in cities and that became agenda for governance and planners. One of the key elements of sustainable development is that humans live in the range of biological capacity. Ecological Footprint Method have been used for Measuring Sustainability of Great Cities like London, Santiago and Liverpool. This paper examines the ecological footprint of Gorgan County. It tries to answer the question whether the Ecological Environment of Gorgan county support basic needs of its population? This paper has been done by descriptive method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint of the city of Gorgan in food consumption, waste, transport, electricity, natural gas heating, water and housing was 1.24 hectares. The lowest amount of ecological footprint is for the land of waste disposal and the highest amount is for electricity power. Since the environmental capacity of Iran is 0.81 hectares and calculated ecological footprint of Gorgan is 1.24 hectares, that means Gorgan Ecological Footprint is 1.53 times more than the average capacity of Iran and 1.92 times more than the average capacity of Gorgan county. By comparing the biological capacity and the ecological footprint, it can be seen that Gorgan has ecological deficit. In other words, Gorgan environmental carrying capacity has crossed and If current consumption trends continue in the future, the natural environment cannot meet the needs of the population, and greater support area for their consumption needs must be provided. Therefore, the most logical solution to reduce the ecological footprint of humans on Earth, is to reduce the amount of per capita consumption, and this is only possible with the participation of citizens and trying to reform the consumption pattern.

When cities have the two virtual and real spaces, it is an urban population movement managing to provide peace and security to its citizens through rationalizing urban population movement. In an electronic city, information services are given with no temporal or spatial limit (Safari & Kanaani, 2007). The use of new technology and communications in municipality as a service-providing organ leads to the establishment of an extensive, integrated, and secure structure to provide urban services. Urban services include assessing all the needs of the people in the city in terms of providing urban services and increasing the welfare of citizens (Mousazadeh, Bazzi, Mirkatouli, & Farrokhzad, 2015). Gorgan, city is the capital of Golestan, is one of the most populated cities within the region. Every day, there is a massive movement of people across the city. Living in an electronic city will be time and money saving for both citizens and the government. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing an electronic city in the urban area of Gorgan.
This research is descriptive-analytical using survey method. Delphi method is used for the use of urban experts’ opinions. The statistical population of the present study includes experts in the field of urban management and information technology in Gorgan. Since the correct number of the study population is not available, an estimated number of 70 people were selected. Finally, the data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software in an attempt to find the best solution to implement an electronic city in Gorgan.
Regarding the feasibility of the implementation of an electronic city in Gorgan, 20 factors influencing the development of the electronic city have been considered. In fact, the impact of these factors has been measured by experts. In addition, the Chi-Square test has been used to examine the components which were used to measure the use of information technology in Gorgan from the viewpoint of experts and managers. With regard to the results, it can be said that in relation to most of the components of information and communication technology, the infrastructure has been launched from the viewpoint of experts and managers. The findings of the multivariate regression coefficient show the impact of the components of creating a suitable environment for encouraging investors in the information technology sector, expanding computer and internet education to all classes of society, helping protect the privacy of the individuals, making the commitment of urban macro management to building an electronic city, having suitable control, monitoring the system, long-term strategic thinking at the macro level of the country, the most important factors are the creation and formation of electronic city in Gorgan.
Gorgan, the capital of Golestan, is one of the densely populated cities of the region with many offices throughout the province which has a massive population movement from all over the city every day. Thus, if the electronic city is established, it will save time and money for citizens and the government. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of implementing an electronic city in the urban area of Gorgan. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and managers of urban management and information technology in Gorgan. However, since the correct number of the study population is not available, an estimated number of 70 were selected to administer the researchers’ made questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software and the best solution to establish the electronic city in Gorgan was presented. The results of the regression test indicate that there is a significant relationship between the component of computer and internet education in all sectors of society and the long-term strategic thinking at the macro level of the country with the formation of the electronic city. The Beta coefficient explicitly demonstrates the above relationship.
Depending on the Beta coefficient the following suggestions are made in order to establish an electronic city in Gorgan.
• Creating the culture of using computers and the internet among all classes of Gorgan
• Compulsory payment of bills and installments via the internet and information technology
• Have a comprehensive and strategic plan for the development of the electronic city in the long run
• Establishment of working groups in Gorgan governorate and municipality for the development of information and communication technology
• Establishing appropriate infrastructure for the development of information and communication technology in the city

Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability Clusters in Physical Texture of Gorgan city against Earthquake Using Spatial StatisticsExtended abstract IntroductionEarthquake is one of the most natural hazards dangerous, destructive and unpredictable of the city. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's surface is in high seismic risk area and 10% of human-caused mortality is due to earthquake disasters. Golestan province, except the second-ranking provinces, is the earthquake hazard and in its category the first high-risk area. In general, four main theories are related to the vulnerability of cities. First, the human ecology theory that has emphasized the unbreakable bonding of biophysical processes and social processes. Second, the theory of political economy, which have integrated macro and micro perspectives and provides a better analytical framework for complexity and dependence comprehensive understanding of vulnerability-causing factors. Third, the theory of community-oriented compatibility, this theory is based on Identification, assistance and the implementation of community-based activities that have strengthen the capacity of local people to adapt to life in a risky and unpredictable situation. Fourth, Resilience which is the capacity or ability of the community to predict, prepare, respond and quickly against the effects and consequences of disaster. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's area has placed in high-risk seismic zone and 10% of the human losses resulting from the disaster is as a result of the earthquake. Golestan province is among the second-ranking provinces of the earthquake hazard and in its category is province first of high risk. The results of the surveys show that 840 earthquakes have been registered in Golestan and many areas of the province are susceptible to landslide. Seismic zoning maps has show that Golestan province has four zones, regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits. These zones have included of areas with very high, high, medium and low of seismic hazard. Gorgan has located in very very high and high areas. Accordingly, the aim of present research is measurement and spatial analysis of vulnerability clusters in physical texture of Gorgan city in critical conditions in order to points determination of immediate intervention. Seismic zoning maps for seismic rock placement, based on the background of the accelerated movement of the earth's powerful movement for the return period of 475 and 2475 years, show that regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits, Golestan province has four zones, areas with high, high, medium and The city of Gorgan is low in many areas. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Determinants criteria of physical texture vulnerability degree in Gorgan were investigated in five criteria including of number of floors, fineness, age of buildings and materials. After evaluating the criteria and converting them to comparable and standard scales, has been used from Analytic Network Analysis (ANP) for relative weight determination of each criterion. Prioritization of the indicators was done according to expert opinions and evaluation of the indicators. Finally, blocks have been classified with the VIKOR model in terms of vulnerability and was produced the physical vulnerability map of building units at the urban blocks level of Gorgan city. Then, was carried out vulnerable spatial clusters analysis of Gorgan city through the Getis-Ord model. Results and discussionThe results of the study show that the highest and the least effective factors in the vulnerability assessment of the Gorgan city blocks were related respectively to the index of building materials with weight (0/425), and the index of pettyness with a weight (0/126). Based on the results of the VIKOR model, the highest degree of physical vulnerability is related to the central and somewhat southern parts of Gorgan. Also, the eastern and western regions and somewhat north of the city have a better status in this index. The Hotspot analysis shows clearly the gap between the center, the south and the margins of the eastern and western regions with other parts of the city of Gorgan. As a result, the central and southern regions and the margins of the eastern and western regions of Gorgan are in an inappropriate situation in terms of vulnerability during the earthquake. At the same time, the northern, western and eastern parts of the city have less damage during the earthquake due to the physical characteristics of the building ConclusionResearches such as Ródenas et al(2018), Rusydi et al (2017), Ianoș et al (2017), Kushe et al(2017), Mehraban Motlagh and Motamedi (2018) and Paivastehgar et al (2017) has focused on the zoning of vulnerable sites in cities such as Palu, Bucharest, Karonga, Shiraz and Imamzadeh Hasan Tehran. However, the present study has also focused on spatial analysis of the vulnerable zones of Gorgan and the determination of clusters. At the same time, this research has not neglected to focus on vulnerability zoning. The comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan indicate that the central region has less residential units than the peripheral region of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part are more ancient. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral buildings are better in terms of access to passages and are wider than the central part of the city of Gorgan. In general, the buildings of peripheral parts are less vulnerable than the central part of the Gorgan city. In this regard, the following suggestions have been made: The establishment of crisis management centers and emergency services in the west and east of the city, preventing congestion, especially in hazardous areas, opening roads and giving incentives to worn-out buildings regeneration by the government and the municipality.By comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan, it can be concluded that the central area has less residential units than the periphery of the city of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part of the old age are more. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral building buildings are better off in terms of access to passages.

In order to study the effects of climate and geomorphology on the development of soils and their physico-chemical peroperties, two transects on the loess parent material were selected in two regions of Golestan Province. The regions were: Huttan (Maraveh Tappeh area) and Gorgan with aridic-thermic and xeric-thermic soil moisture and temperature regimes, respectively. Four pedons in Hutan and five in Gorgan were studied. Results revealed that in Hutan area, Aridisols formed on summit and toeslope positions while on the shoulder and footslopes, Entisols were dominant. In contrast, in Gorgan region, Inceptisols were the major members of the summit, shoulder and footslope and Mollisols were dominant on the toeslopes. There were significant differences in soil physico-chemical properties such as texture, CaCO3 content and its leaching depth, organic matter, saturation percentage, acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and soil solution cations and anions in the two studied regions. There was higher clay in Gorgan area. In Huttan however more silt were observed. Carbonate was leached from the surface horizons and accumulated in the depth of soils of Gorgan area. Considering the organic matter and CEC, soils of Gorgan had more favorable conditions. Depth of leaching of calcium carbonate, its dissolution-precipitation processes, and the accumulation of organic matter were among the most important soil forming processes occurred in Gorgan area.

In recent years, cultural and historical heritage tourism has grown rapidly. The city of Gorgan has 150 hectares of historical texture, which offers favorable opportunities for tourism attraction and economic profitability of urban management. The purpose of this paper is regeneration strategies prioritization of the Gorgan City historical context with tourism sustainable development approach for utilizing urban management of its opportunities and capacities. In this research, SWOT and QSPM quantitative matrix method has been used for presenting historical texture regeneration strategies with sustainable tourism approach in Gorgan. The findings of the research show that the historical context of Gorgan has strengths 12, weaknesses 13, opportunities 8 and threats 12. Based on the SWOT matrix, regeneration of historical texture with tourism sustainable development approach in Gorgan has requires diversity strategies (ST). Based on the QSPM matrix, two strategies have been selected as the best strategies for historical texture regeneration of Gorgan city with an emphasis on tourism sustainable development. They are included " Pathology of risk-prone areas and and rules for new builders in order to coordinate with the valuable historical structure for attracting tourists" and "Revitalizing the original historical bone and the hidden value of the monuments, Public spaces, collections and urban texture " with 5.333 and 4.755 scores. As a result, due to the lack of attention of urban management, the strengths and opportunities of the historical context of Gorgan have been affected by weaknesses and threats. Hence, should provide the prospect of its prosperity with reducing the weaknesses and threats by diverse strategies.