This article studies the policy of housing in Iran. Housing policy as the next dimension of social policy can be influenced by the orientations and approaches of governments. However, there is no accurate indication of how different governments are oriented towards housing policy in Iran. This is especially important for low-income groups. The question of this research is that how did governments influence the housing policy of low-income groups? To answer this question, the housing policy was examined in two dimensions of legal input and Executive output over the years 1979 to 2013 using qualitative data. The results of the study showed that housing policy in the legal input was influenced by the government's approach. But from the executive perspective, despite the difference in the type of housing policy in different governments, the results and practices of housing policy have been similar to those of low-income groups. It means that Government policies have so far not been able to make such a viable and effective operation that lowers incomes to their right to provide adequate housing. Therefore, informal settlement has increased and the amount of homelessness has been increased over the recent years. With the advent of the first decade of the revolution, housing policy has so far provided for the accumulation of capital for traders and, on the other hand, has led to the Lack of citizenship for the majority of society. This situation has led to the commoditization of land and the growth of its exchange value. Keywords:</strong> Housing, State, Rent, Social Justice, Social Policy.

Providing housing has been known as one of Iran's problems since before revolution, despite the policies made before, after of revolution, this problem has not been solved but has appeared more seriously. So, various research has been conducted about policy-analysis, and their review helps to identify research gaps and prevents repetitive research. so, this study, with qualitative approach and interpretative paradigm, aims to identify gaps of internal research of housing policy in the last three decades and has used the method of bibliometric analysis, systematic review. Results show that vocabulary of research, in 3 general categories of development plans and policies, factors affecting housing policies and their future, and the effects and consequences of housing policies and their efficiency, and research goal in 4 groups including description (1.5%), cause (7.3%), Consequence (77.4%) and supplementary research (13.8%) are classified. Therefore, main gap is related cause and lack of research in that analysis of housing policy in 3-dimensions at the same time.

The present study, taking the perspective of policy archeology, investigates the discourse space that has led to the emergence of the housing policy object after the revolution as the only possible and desirable object, in order to understand correctly the rules that govern the scattered components of the housing policy-making discourse in post-revolutionary Iran. In this regard, Foucauldian discourse analysis was used. The results show the deviation occurred in the formation of the housing policy-making object after the post-revolution Iran in the development programs from the official discourse of the Islamic Republic (authorized in the constitution), so that during the process of govermentalization of housing policies, surfaces of emergence, authorities of delimitation, and grid of specifications made the particular, limited, and governable form of the object, as an homo oeconomicus visible, leading to housing to be transformed to a special privilege from a public right to and be out of reach of everyone.

District 22 of Tehran has always faced the challenge of land and housing policy in recent years, especially with the increase in population and the expansion of residential towers and its consequences. Attention to the factors contributing to the failure of these policies has always been considered important. This study was descriptive-analytical and the statistical population included municipality experts and managers in district 22 of Tehran. For this purpose, non-random sampling methods were used and 38 individuals participated in this study. To prioritize the items and indices, the Likert scale was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The results showed that the rate of complications for issuing a building permit, with a mean of 3.84 was the most important policy of government intervention in urban management. Also, according to the respondents, confusion about the decision and the lack of specific procedures following changes in urban land and housing policies as well as the recent fluctuations in land and housing prices, with a mean score of 4.21 were the most important factors influencing the non-efficiency of land and housing policies in district 22.

IntroductionThere is no doubt, as many studies show, that low income housing policies have changed into one of the most imperative challenges in the cities of Iran. The present paper intends to explore that one of the main reasons for such a challenge is the dominance of traditional urban planning paradigm based on the Master Plan concept known as the Blueprint in Iran's urban planning. Therefore, the present research has been carried out mainly raising this hypothesis that the low income housing policies in Iran, emphasizing on the city of Rasht as dominant metropolis in the northern region, has failed researching its goals due to the nature of approaches influenced by traditional urban planning. Study of the current urban planning in Iran indicates that such a trend follows mainly the rational planning in the wake of Master Plan. Accordingly not only the physical dimensions of the cities are preferred to social dimensions, but due to their nature, most of the benefits of city plans and projects go to the higher income groups. In the meanwhile, based on Pareto Optimum and Game theories and the nature of traditional urban planning in Iran, the magnitude of benefiting from city plans is related directly to the income levels of the citizens. As a result, a great range of the benefits from governmental supportive policies as subsidies go to the higher income groups while being aimed at covering low income groups of the citizens. On the other hand, the Blueprint paradigm planning has intensified this trend and the maximum benefits have oriented toward non-aimed groups of housing policies and the low income groups have not only been driven to the periphery of the policies, but also practically, they have ended up informal settlements.MethodologyIn this study, we have applied Cochran formula choosing a statistical sample size of 330 households out of 900 residential units, 5 of which including acquisition condition (some form of rent) of residential complexes, and finally using questionnaires covering 23 characteristics of their residents. Results and DiscussionStatistical reviews of the present trend of housing policies of Iran verify big challenges and controversies. On the basis of the global standards, the mean proportion of housing price indexes to the annual total income of households should be 3-5 times and the housing rents might be 15-20 % of the monthly income. However, in the metropolis of Rasht this index has reached to 8 and the rate of house rents has increased by 30 %. It is nearly a decade that City Development Strategy (CDS) approach, aiming to reduce urban poverty and improve the residential conditions of low income groups of the city has commenced by the Cities Alliance, World Bank and UN Habitat. According to the successful experiments of CDS in about 300 cities around the world, especially in the Third World countries, one can claim that CDS approach directly faces the daily routines and challenges of the citizens such as residential improving, with their contribution, regardless of inflexible Master and Detailed Plans. Such a policy emphasizes on the implementation and action of the plans and believes that for the citizens of the Third World, the future is now. Plans pertaining to CDS can be compiled and executed in less than a year due to their executive natures, and their results show themselves on city levels, especially in the realm of urban squatter settlements. This is because CDS both utilizes public participation and supplies much of the required facilities such as labor force, management and building materials from local resources. Today many urban theoreticians, using these experiences, try to extend the subject that how and with what equipments such an approach and policy can make positive changes in the lives of normal citizens including the provision of housing for low income groups of the society and the improvement of their settlements. This paper studies the role of CDS approach in low income housing policies with emphasize on metropolis of Rasht. The review of the results of some of the most important characteristics, such as the position and prices of the houses, loan repay, family size, occupation, settling duration, educational level, home selection criteria and transportation costs, all indicate the fact that most of the residents of such case study houses belong to middle or middle-up income groups. ConclusionTherefore, based on the findings of this research, we can claim that although the main aim of housing in these areas is provision of residential units for low income groups of the people in the city of Rasht, most residents of these houses are middle or middle-up income groups. The present article attempts to analyze the challenges in housing policies for the urban poor in Iran with emphasis on the city of Rasht. As a conclusion, the hypothesis of this research has been proved, because according to the paper’s findings low income housing policies in Iran have failed. The present paper pays attention to CDS important approach in housing policies and offers how to lead to the present conclusion and some recommendations.

From an architectural perspective, typology has a mixed nature of matter and meaning that is crystallized in the architect's mind. The mind map of empirical architects in the design of buildings in Iran until the late 40s was based on a mix of environment and culture, but has since begun to crystallize contemporary homes as a result of public housing policies. The purpose of this study was to determine the typology of housing in Qazvin with emphasis on housing policies and qualitative and survey method. In the first part, the basics of the concept of typology are summarized. In the following, seven types of housing have been identified in Qazvin city using the qualitative research strategy and documentary studies of the post-revolutionary government policy periods. For detailed study, the research area of ​​each species is also selected for detailed study. Finally, a comparative study of selected policy samples and indigenous species is provided and the documentation related to each is presented using the historical research approach through documentary study and interviews with key informants. Applying the typology strategy through documenting contemporary urban change can effectively reflect government housing policy in cities. What was highlighted in this study is the first step in zoning government housing policies in Qazvin and a detailed review of selected samples from each policy area. The findings of the study suggest that housing policies focused on supportive, quantitative, type-specific supportive policies rather than on individual city-specific studies. Since the most influential criterion in the field of housing is the 40-60 criterion in the North Front, the five types of housing that have been the result of post-revolutionary state policies are the same and similar in terms of altitude, despite their different temporal origin, The density of the unit is different. This species can be seen in other cities as well. Based on findings from documentary studies, field studies, and comparative studies of contemporary species, the result of government housing policies with historical-ancient varieties of Qazvin suggests that housing in historical-ancient context was not derived from civic planning and policy. Designed and Drafted Most of the buildings are built on a basement floor and the building stretches along the north-south axis. The buildings use a central courtyard with space built around it. Typically, one front (I), two fronts (L), three fronts (U) are built around the yard. The species examined in the historical context indicate the impact of activity, belonging, and convergence on housing construction. The housing surveyed was designed and constructed in accordance with government policies in an extravagant new and modern context and is typically high-end. Most buildings are 4-6 storeys high and the tower is built. The elongation of the building is along the north-south axis. Collection was made in the form of apartment blocks and high-rise building in this context in accordance with the policy of bulking. The apartments were built as an organizational home by the Housing and Urban Development Agency to house government employees and workers.  Therefore, what should be taken into account is the regionalization and localization of government housing policies to formulate and develop local housing regulations and regulations, depending on the cultural and indigenous conditions of each area, and can effectively promote The quality of housing is a step up.

From the perspective of the discourse approach, this present study aims to comprehend the reason and method behind the alteration of housing policy in the fourth and fifth development plans of Iran.
This study employed Laclau and Mouffe's discourse approach as a research methodology to examine the housing policy in Iran's fourth and fifth development plans. The method includes two primary steps: Firstly, identifying the main signifiers to describe the semantic system of the discourse, and secondly, describing the social theory of each discourse based on the centrality of antagonism. Following the second step, the construction of the discourse on housing policy in each program is separately explained.
The results of discourse analysis in the present study show that the fourth program seeks to achieve justice. According to the discourse analysis literature of Laclau and Mouffe, justice is considered a floating signifier in this discourse due to its polysemous feature. Other signs mentioned in this program show that this program is trying to achieve its desired justice by empowering the subjects financially and economically and distributing residential economic resources in a targeted manner. Therefore, it can be said that the justice discussed in this discourse is economic justice. The hegemony of the discourse of economic justice causes antagonism with other possible meanings of justice and causes antagonism with other alternatives of justice such as welfare, development, right, and need. By excluding the signs of social justice, the fifth plan chooses sustainable development as its floating sign. The expansion of urban areas and the establishment of new cities in the fourth development plan have resulted in challenges that have led to a shift towards sustainable development as the focal point of housing policy in the fifth plan. Neglecting the internal development of cities and worn-out fabric on the one hand and endangering natural resources and agricultural lands, on the other hand, are the most important issues that have been created by the sprawl of urban areas and the establishment of new cities. In such a scenario, the fifth development plan uses the nodal signifier of "internal development and empowerment" to encapsulate the floating signifier of sustainable development. The established meaning of sustainable development, which is influenced by the United Nations Human Settlements Program, is different from the previous discourse and contradicts other possible meanings of sustainable development. Non-interference in nature and the pristine environment is the established meaning of sustainable development in this discourse. The discourse of targeted and managed intervention is also viewed as a competing perspective to this approach.
By dominating the discourse of economic justice, Iran’s fourth development program contradicts other alternatives of justice, such as cultural justice and social justice, and general alternatives of justice, such as rights, needs, and goods, and has excluded them. By dominating sustainable development, the fifth Development Plan also contradicts other types of development including the non-physical and environmental nature of housing. The investigation of the emergence and alteration of housing policy from the discourse approach perspective in other development programs can complement the discourse analysis conducted in this study. Identifying the prevailing discourses on housing policy in the development plans can reveal the discourses that are missing in this area, thus aiding in the formulation of the 7th development plan. This can also shed light on the development of topics and methods and identify individuals who have been deprived of housing policies. In addition, by analyzing the discourse governing the issue of housing in the Constitution and comparing it with the discourses of housing in development plans, it is possible to determine the compatibility of these plans with the Constitution. In terms of method, it is possible to analyze the housing policy in Iran by using other discourse analysis approaches such as Fairclough or discourse psychology.

abstractthe purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of housing field and mehr housing policies on the economic growth of iran . in this study , eviews software and ols regression models are used to test the hypotheses . independent variables of housing policy in terms of mehr housing project , the policy of granting housing facilities that include the volume of money , the ratio of government spending to gdp , mehr housing and housing facilities in the year are considered and dependent variables are economic growth , capital stock , active population and budget deficit . the data were extracted from the central bank of iran . the results of the main hypothesis showed that government policy making in housing sector has no significant effect on economic growth . but the results of this study show that government policy making in housing sector has significant effect on capital stock and active population , but it has no significant effect on budget deficit .key words : government policy , economic growth , mehr housing .

Housing has specific characteristics that lead to differentiation in housing policy from other public policy sectors. Housing is a durable and flexible product, but has a fixed location and high cost than current income.The key elements of the housing situation reflect investment patterns 60-100 years before it.While housing is modernized and reformed, the legacy of previous policy cycles is very strong, as a result of the nature of the housing and housing services problems slowly changing.While significant changes in social services, education, health, and social security are possible on a shorter time scale.The central government in the UK has specific goals in the realm of housing. These concerns are tied to economic regulation, accumulation of capital and investment in policies. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of housing policy design in the conservative government between 1979 and 1996, and under labor regimes since 1997

To provide housing in Iran, in the Five-Year Development Plans after the Islamic Revolution, different policies have been made, each of which has had economic-spatial reflections on the development of cities and towns. The cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmed province have also experienced economic-spatial reflections under the influence of housing supply policies. This article aims to identify the economic-spatial reflections of the housing development policies on the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The executive policies of the government (including policies of PAK, Cooperative Housing, New Towns, Land Preparation, Lease on Condition of Ownership, Tall Building, Mehr Housing, and Social Housing) have been evaluated using the survey method. The tools of data collection are questionnaires and interviews with experienced and active experts in the field of housing in 18 cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad province, which have been affected by housing policies. Due to the fact that the number of experts who have experience and are active in the field of housing and housing policies in the province and especially in the city of Yasouj is limited, a total of 20 experts (14 men and 6 women) in the field of housing, including 3 managers, 6 experts, 6 university professors, and 5 urban planning Ph.D. students were selected. The results of the research show that Mehr housing, in terms of paying attention to the economic characteristics of the poor, targeting and expanding mortgages, granting long-term and low-interest special loans and credits in accordance with the income of households, has the best performance and the most impact from the economic-spatial perspective in the cities of the province. Also, cooperative housing and Lease on Condition of Ownership are the most compatible with urban and regional economic conditions in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. According to the experts, the Mehr housing policy, Tall Building, PAK policy and the construction of new cities have had the same effects in terms of economic-spatial components, but they have statistically significant differences with other policies. Also, Mehr housing and social housing show the same effects.