In recent years, the inclusion of human development in the country's development plans shows the importance of the human development index for policy-making and planning. One of the important factors that can play a great role in improving the human development index is education. In this regard, The present study tries to investigate the effect of educational expenditures in higher, secondary and primary as independent variables on the Human Development Index as a dependent variable in Iran during the period 2001 to 2018.To estimate the effect, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) has been used. Before estimating the model, the significance test of the variables was performed. The results of the static test based on the generalized Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Prone tests showed that the Human Development Index and higher education expenditures remained at the data level, but the variables of secondary and primary education expenditures remained in the first difference of the data. The variables of this study were accumulated from I (0) and I (1), ARDL method was used. Findings show that higher and secondary education expenditures have a positive and significant effect on human development index, but although primary education expenditures have a positive relationship with human development index in the short term, it is not significant and in the long run its effect on human development indexes It is negative. The error correction coefficient is 0.30 and is statistically significant at the 99% confidence level. This indicates that the adjustment of deviations from the long-run equilibrium relationship takes more than three years. Given that higher education expenditures have the greatest impact on the human development index, it is suggested that officials pay more attention to investing in higher education to accelerate economic growth and human development. Also, considering that the expenses of secondary education have a positive and significant effect on the human development index, it is suggested that if the graduates do not continue their education, the officials should provide them with employment by holding the necessary training courses related to their favorite profession. By employing them, national production and income, and as a result, the human development index, will be improved.

Empowering the labour force, as the main production factor, towards the realization of macroeconomic and social aims and policies at national and regional levels are of prime necessity. One of the effective ways in promoting the human development index is the consideration of factors influential at regional or local levels. The identification of determinant factors in lowering the regional gap can reduce the basic regional challenges in the process of development. An examination of the human development conditions in Zanjan province and the factors which may affect these conditions during the period 1379-1383 reveals an upward trend in human development index in this province. The figure for human development index in Zanjan province is less than the average of the country as a whole. Among the components of human development index is the income index in the province, which as compared with the aggregate income index for the country as a whole demonstrates a considerable gap. This implies the necessity of speeding up the physical and human investments towards improving the human development index in the province.

Since development is not a multi-dimensional phenomenon based on the economy and a developed country must be developed in all aspects, an important part of it is the human development index. The human development index appeared as one of the important development indicators in the development program and caused the factors affecting the imbalance of the human development index level to be investigated in this program. The purpose of this research is to discover the factors affecting the imbalance of the human development index level among the provinces of the country and to design the paradigm of the human development index. Using descriptive statistics, the comparison of human development indicators between provinces was made, then qualitative data obtained from expert interviews were analyzed with the help of Maxqda software, and the paradigm of imbalance of the level of human development index was achieved. Five factors that are the cause of the imbalance of the human development index have been identified, which include: educational facilities, health and welfare facilities, inappropriate planning, unbalanced development and economic poverty, so these factors lead to the formation and realization of the balance in human development between the provinces. They will be. Human indicators are unevenly distributed in the country and the border provinces often have less of these indicators and its focus is in Tehran. Relying on a single-product economy, lack of security, isolation in global interactions, lack of a strategic plan are among the significant factors in the lack of human development in the country.

In this study, using economic freedom indices including: rule of law, limited government, regulatory efficiency and market freedom, political freedom, including: civil liberties, political rights and freedom of the press, variables of quality of governance and personal freedom and its impact on human development index in 147 countries for the period 2008-2015 using panel data analysis, the Amartya Sen's "development as freedom" theory emphasizing personal freedom has been tested. The study results show that all kinds of freedoms to achieve development are important and all of them should be paid enough attention to. However, the effectiveness of regulation and personal freedom index represents the greatest impact on the human development index. Survey indicators suggest that increased rule of law among society and government, improve in regulations, improve in market liberty, and decreased government interference in economy will lead to improvements in human development. By examining political freedom index also shows that both indices of civil liberties and political rights and Press Freedom had positive and negative effects on the human development index, respectively. The results also indicated that the indices of quality of governance and personal freedom also has a positive effect on the human development index.

Nowadays, human development play a key role in Development studies. The man is the main pillar of sustainable Development. Human Development Index has been the most popular indicator of development. Knowing the variables involved in the estimation of human development index is essential in choosing the appropriate model that can accurately measure the human development index. In this paper, we consider the uncertainty modeling framework for study of the factors that affect the human development index. For this purpose, we use the Bayesian model averaging which is appropriate with the assumption of model uncertainty.In this study, by estimating 960000 regression equations, five variables are identified as non-fragile variables which is mentioned as follows: Growth of oil revenues, growth of Government health expenditure, Growth of primary education, Inflation, capital stock. Other variables lost their effect in the presence of non--fragile variables. Therefore, it can be concluded that in order to raise the index of human development in the country, it is necessary to pay more attention to the mentioned variables

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the human development index on the expansion of B2B electronic commerce (business-to-business electronic commerce) in Iran and Iran's trading partner countries during the period of 2011-2016 using the Astana panel approach.The research variables include the level of expansion of e-commerce, imposed pressure due to dependence on exports, normative pressure due to consistent global trade relations, imitative pressure due to foreign competition, global common knowledge, Internet access and human development index.According to the results, in countries with a low human development index, this index has a negative effect on the development of B2B e-commerce, which can be affected by the lack of infrastructure, and this relationship is inverse for countries with a high level of human development. Based on the threshold defined in this article, the average in countries with a lower human development index, the human development index in these countries causes a decrease in the level of B2B e-commerce, but in countries where the HDI is higher than the threshold, it did not have a significant effect. The human development index regime has had a negative effect on B2B e-commerce up to a threshold level with a coefficient of 3.667 and has reduced the human development index of e-commerce. India,Pakistan and Tajikistan are less than the threshold value of 0.653, and the rest of the countries studied in this research are more than the threshold value. The threshold effect test was performed, both based on the 95% confidence interval, the numerical value of the threshold is placed between the highest and the lowest value, and based on the critical value, andthe significance levelof theH0 hypothesis that there is no threshold effect is rejected, and theH1 hypothesis ofthe existence of a minimum A threshold is not crossed.

Human development index is based on aspects of human quality in a country. Human development is affected by many variables. One of the main variables is urbanization. On the one hand, urbanization promotes human development by improving the level of income, educational and health services, and on the other hand, with the rapid growth of urbanization, increasing urban congestion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions negatively affect it. Since rapid and incomplete urbanization has positive and negative effects on the economy, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of urbanization on the human development index during the period 1990-2017 with a multiple regression approach. The results show that the effect of urbanization rate on human development index is symmetric, negative and significant, which has become stronger in the upper quantiles. According to other results of this study, health, education and economic growth expenditures have also had a positive effect and CO2 emissions have also had a significant negative impact on the human development index; the pattern of population growth and migration be considered to changing the laws concerning the creation of new cities in order to adapt the urbanization rate to human development in the cities development plan.

Each year, the United Nations publishes an annual report titled by “Human Development Report” for all countries around the world which in which the complex index for human development for achieving health life alongside education and economic welfare is examined. The innate ambiguity in estimation of human development index has brought about numerous criticism against the method of investigating human development index. Therefore, many methods are suggested for this examination. In this study, the fuzzy ranking method that is most relevant to the concept of Human development index is suggested. This study attempts to apply a suitable mathematical fuzzy model in order to rank human development index for provinces. Fuzzy logic has recently entered into such concepts as poverty and welfare. The multidimensional and ambiguity of human development concept paves the way for the use of fuzzy ranking. In this paper, fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets are used to estimate human development index during the years 1996, 2001 and 2005 for all provinces of Iran. in ranking human development index through deferent scenarios, Tehran, Isfahan, Ghazvin and Guilan provinces have first to forth rank respectively. But from this point onwards, ranking of provinces by human development index differs. Tehran province during three time periods, through different methods obtained the highest rank in all components. Kurdestan and Sistan-Balouchestan have the lowest degree in human development index. Also these provinces have the lowest degree in all components. The result show that by changing the methods of investigation, the rank of some provinces goes under some changes. Regarding the gradual transition in fuzzy ranking method it seems that this method is more appropriate for measuring the ambiguous outcomes. in 2005, changing the method of investigation brought about -8 degree of decrease for Ghom province and therank of this province fell from 13 into 21. This also caused +8 degree of increase in Golestan province’s rank. Thus, choosing a suitable method for policy makers in distributing the resources and facilities is of critical importance so as to avoid such problems as population density, traffic, environmental pollution. Regarding the aforementioned numbers and for the purpose of decentralization, a need for local plans is now felt than ever before. By investing more in underdeveloped areas, hopefully we will be able to witness a substantial growth in human development index of these areas and that of the country

In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental pollution on human health. This paper, used from a health index and an environmental pollution index (CO2 and NOX). PANEL-SUR model is used. Results reveal that environmental pollution has negative effect on health index and human development index. Results reveal that in our countries there is a negative relation between pollution and economic growth because of positive relation between health index and human development index and positive relation between human development index and economic growth, more pollution decrease positive effect of human development index on economic growth.

The Human Development Index which is a combination Index, is currently one of an important tool in analyzing spatial justice and regional inequality in the national and regional context. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify the inequality of human development index in the provinces and the related factors. For this, a kind of descriptive-analytical method has been used and the data was collected from the National Population and Housing Census. For data analysis, the Morris model, GIS and SPSS software were respectively used. The results show that three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Mazandaran are in the highest and three provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Kurdistan and North Khorasan are at the lowest ranks regarding the human development index, and central and northern provinces have relatively better conditions than the eastern and western provinces. Regarding the factors affecting the human development index show that the percentage of rural population, household size, the dependency burden, the real dependency ratio, and percentage of employment in agriculture with the correlation coefficient of 0.709, 0.740, 0.553, 0.553, 0.505, and 0.599, respectively have a significant negative relationship with the human development index, and indicators of urbanization percentage, employment ratio, economic participation rate, percentage of employees in the industrial sector and the percentage of employees in the service sector with the correlation coefficient of 0.709, 0.407, 0.361, 0.499 and 0.358, respectively have a significant positive relationship with the human development index. indicators of urbanization percentage, employment ratio, economic participation rate, percentage of employees in the industrial sector and the percentage of employees in the service sector with the correlation coefficient of 0.709, 0.407, 0.361, 0.499 and 0.358, respectively have a significant positive relationship with the human development index.