All Persian linguists have considered two imperative structures, namely second person singular and plural, and some have also pointed out two other structures: third person (imperative), plural and singular. The imperative verb for speaker, that is first person singular and plural, is not recognized in reference linguistic books and there are no instances of it in texts. This article is meant to prove that first-person singular exists, and presents some of its instances in literary texts and spoken language. The phonetic form of this verb and another structure of imperative verb in second-person singular (present-imperative) are also discussed in the article.

. In addition to criticizing and analyzing the subject, the main aim of the study is addressing teaching the continuous verb and expressing its angles and challenges. The problem is that Persian grammar teachers generally pay attention to the form of the topics, and perhaps they do not pay much attention to the topics, definitions and grammatical terms, and as a result of this the audience is far from understanding the topic. Some examples are verb moods, adverbs, etc. that even some grammar books have not explained the subject properly. This literary research, which was carried out with a qualitative method, has addressed the subject with a descriptive-analytical approach, and the method of materials and data collection included the use of library documents or electronic search. Finally, it has answered the research problem which sought to know the continuous imperative and identify its characteristics. The findings consider grammatical and lexical aspects and context to be the necessary factors to define the imperative verb and the continuous imperative and prove that the continuous imperative verb is realized if it includes other grammatical, lexical, and textual aspects. Adding the inflectional prefix "mī" is not enough to recognize the continuous verb

The role of rhetoric and its specific status in the deep perception of the Quran as well as the correct understanding of its irreplaceable teachings is undeniable. The investigation of secondary meanings in declarative and explanative sentences is one of the essential contexts within the semantics which is considered as a branch of rhetoric. The current study uses a descriptive-analytical method. This paper overview the secondary meanings in imperative verbs of the Quran. It also investigates the techniques used by Tahereh Saffarzadeh concerning the explanation of these meanings in the translation of imperative verses of the Quran. She is one of the contemporary translators of the Quran. In the next step, we will take assistance from the interpretations of the Quran and rhetoric books to achieve an exact secondary meaning of these sentences. We will also compare the translation of the intended translator with four other translations to somehow privilege the error derived from arbitration to some extent. The results indicate that Saffarzadeh has chosen three different techniques to translate the imperative sentences with secondary meanings: (1) The replacement of imperative verb with an analogy equivalent to secondary meaning in the target language; (2) According to the expressive text of the verse concerning the secondary meaning, the perception of secondary meanings is entrusted to the reader; and (3) Failure to use an analogy despite the absence of transparency in the text of the verse concerning the expression of secondary meaning. The investigation of the translating techniques of Saffarzadeh indicates her precision and adherence to the transfer of secondary meanings within the imperative verbs. In the cases where she just translates the words instead of analogy to express the secondary meaning, the transfer of secondary meaning is completely correct and this meaning can be understood by the reader.

The main message of the literary propositions lies in their meanings and secondary function and the author uses it in artistic and beautiful way to affect the audience. Speech act is one of the subcategories of Pragmatic and aims to reopen the implied meanings; as centuries before its advent, traditional semantics had the task of specifying secondary purposes in the form of news and propositions.Imperative verb has a variety of applications as one of the subcollection of the essays in semantics and its pragmatic analysis has an important role in discovering the hidden layers of the author’s mind and thought and makes the affection more connected.Mohammad Reza ShafieiKadkani, the outstanding contemporary poet, in the collection of poetry "Aieenehei Baray-e Sedaha (A Mirror for Sounds) "has influenced on imaging and the conceptualization of the poetry. Reviews show that by applying the imperative verbs artistically in the the proportional and contradictory context of the poet and using the rhetorical elements, Shafiei could illustrate them in the convincing, guidance, encouraging applications, besides the other implicit applications like expressing the wonder, astonishment and threat. This secondary purpose is equivalent to Illocutionary Act in Austin’s speech act theories that recounts the power of impact on the audience and stimulating emotions by artistic ability to present them and says theAustin’s impact act.

The imperative besides indicative and subjunctive is one of the most important moods in the languages of the world especially in indo-european languages. The imperative verb usually lacks tense inflection that occurs in other moods, therefore the future imperative is quite rare cross-linguistically. However a number of languages have a dedicated paradigm for future imperative. The future imperative has so far been reported for none of the iranian languages, except two languages, namely Sogdian and Ossetian. The present paper also studies a case of future imperative in Abyanei belonging to the Central Plateau Dialects. The Abyanei future imperative is expressed by inserting morphological markers [-iʃ] (in the affirmative) and [-ɔ] (in the negative) between the present stem and the verb ending.

In this article, the agreement and case systems of Pashto (the Standard dialect of Afghanistan) were examined with the purpose of determining its typological features. To achieve this goal, a grammatical study of agreement and case systems was performed, and the role of these two systems in determining the type of Pashto language was examined. The Pashto language has both agreement and case systems. According to the agreement and case systems in the non-past tense, Pashto is known as a nominative-accusative language. However, in the past tense, due to the agreement and case systems, it is called ergative -absolutive. Therefore, the Pashto language is neither completely nominative-accusative nor unanimously ergative -absolutive. Languages that have such a feature are called split type. in compound verbs, three types of agreement were introduced, including the agreement of the compound verb with the subject, agreement of the compound verb with the object, and simultaneous agreement of the compound verb with both subject and object. This type of agreement was detected in the future tense, present perfect imperative verbs, as well as interrogative, exclamatory, and vocative verbs in the present perfect tense.

There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Persian. The subject seems further promising due to this fact that some of these structures in both Russian and Persian languages do not use a negative imperative verb, rather they express the desired semantics through other syntactic methods.

The present study dealt with the imperative mood in Persian fiction based on cognitive linguistics approach. The study aimed to explore the imperative mood at sentence and extra-sentence level. Research hypothesis was based on the distinctions between the form and meaning components of imperative mood and its distribution in various language structures. According to cognitive linguistics approach, language is a part of cognitive system and the syntactic structure of a language can't be simply studied independent of semantic and functional considerations. The text samples were derived from eight contemporary novels written by four male and four female writers through simple random sampling method. The analysis of language samples was done through descriptive and qualitative method and showed that the imperative mood could appear at various language forms and levels. According to cognitive linguistics approach, if data analysis was just done based on form at sentence level, the results will be challenging and some of data would be removed in terms of form and meaning since in some data nouns, adjectives, and adverbs alone express the meaning of imperative mood. As a result, following cognitive approach and considering all language layers we attempted to gain a better understanding of imperative mood. As such, challenges and ambiguities in determining the mood type at above-sentence level would be reduced to some extent. Extended Abstract The present paper dealt with the analysis of imperative mood based on cognitive linguistics approach. The aim of this paper was to describe and determine the criterion of understanding imperative mood in different language levels and what is beyond it. The research hypotheses were based on the distinctions between the form and meaning components in imperative mood and its distribution in the language corpus of contemporary Persian fiction. In this study, the different categories of imperative mood in Persian language were analyzed through descriptive and qualitative methods. The corpus contained text samples from eight different novel stories written by four men and four women writers. In order to limit the influence of confounding variables in language use, the corpus was selected from the same language style and context to some extent. Cognitive Linguistics subsumes that language is an integral facet of cognition which reflects the interaction of social, cultural, psycho-logical, communicative and functional considerations, and which can only be understood in the context of a realistic view of acquisition, cognitive development and mental processing. It seeks insofar as possible to explicate language structure in terms of the other facets of cognition on which it draws, as well as the communicative function it serves. Considering preliminary nature of language corpus, it seems that imperative mood could be easily observed in situational context such as different kinds of stories, but it was not as simple as it might be imagined. Because of existing distinction between form and meaning, different influential factors need to be considered from all aspects of language levels so that the results to be clear and acceptable. The studies done represent that verbal mood is divided into two general sets: indicative mood and non-indicative mood like imperative and subjunctive mood. Generally speaking, imperative mood is commonly used to express a command, order, request, suggestion, etc. In some languages like Persian, the form and meaning of imperative mood can be observed in imperative verbs, modal verbs, also some nouns, adjectives and adverbs may express imperative mood. An imperative sentence is defined as a sentence which has no surface subject (apart from some specific contexts that subject appears to convey novel meaning which might be studied), and either a main verb or emphatic do in the base form. In most languages, it usually appears without any modal verbs. Crystal (2004:227) remarks that an imperative usage refers to verb forms or sentence, clause types typically used in the expression of command, e.g. Go away. Formally, imperative clauses, as Bibber et al. (1999, p. 219) comment, are characterized by the lack of a subject, the use of the base form of the verb, and the absence of modals as well as tense and aspect markers as in: Get off the table. Don't forget about the deposit. According to the existing researches done, imperative mood is formally distinguishable from other sentence types of the language in which they appear: i.e., they have distinctive morphology, syntax and main verb. In general, the grammatical status of imperative sentences is puzzling, syntactically and semantically.  Imperative verbs have little or no inflectional morphology in data observed; that is why, it is very challengeable issue although data analysis from cognitive view show that the base of the verb in the form of imperative structure has a high frequency The analysis of language samples in this study indicated that recognizing imperative mood does not just rely on considering the command of doing an action and the request of something based on modal verbs and verbal mood. Data analysis showed that even some nouns, adjectives and adverbs might do this function; therefore, the other aspects of language in higher language levels should be paid attention so as to be understand the distinction of imperative mood from indicative and subjunctive better. According to cognitive linguistics approach which is the theoretical framework of this study, language is a part of cognitive system and the syntactic structure of a language can't be separately studied, but all influential factors could be considered from different language aspects. The results showed that the base of the verb had a high frequency in the corpus, but the form and meaning may show the other kinds of mood, thus recognizing imperative mood depends on different language constituents in context. As a result, all language layers, forms and meanings should be taken into account and analyzed cognitively in describing and explaining of imperative mood.

The subject of justice of God always focused by religious thinkers. We can seek examples of legislative justice in “behaving reasonably in the marital relationship” mentioned in Surah An-Nisa 4: 19, related to the family phenomenon, especially the marital phenomenon. The necessity of it can be proved through proportion of words and meaning in verse, reasonableness on marital bond, symphonious narrations, famous word of the Prophet (إنی بعثت لاتمم مکارم الاخلاق) I am only appointed to complete moral virtues, imperative verb(عاشروا) consort, determination of criminal reaction to misconduct in civil law and inseparability of ethics from spouses’ rights. Justice shows “behaving reasonably in the marital relationship” in the approaches such as reciprocity of this order, choosing the man as the addressee of the verse, apply the verb (عاشروهن) consort with them, coordination of reasonableness with the norm, expansion of reasonableness in different fields of life, lack of consideration of the individual features of the woman, special approaches towards the woman’s attributes, approaches towards all of the woman’s rights, compatibility with the man’s abilities, coordination with God’s wisdom in marital relationship, order to behave reasonably in the marital relationship even in case of man’s inadvertence which results in exiting from reasonableness.

The present research investigates the productivity of compound noun maker patterns in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 1300 compound nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus based. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the only quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, the most productive compound noun maker pattern among compound noun maker patterns is (noun+noun). Moreover, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of compound noun maker patterns offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the compound noun maker patterns in Persian, (noun + noun) pattern has the highest productivity and these patterns ( pronoun + noun / pronoun + stem of present verb / noun + imperative verb / number + number) have the lowest productivity.