Hepatitis A, an acute viral disease is the most common global cause of viral hepatitis that affects millions of people annually. Due to its high incidence, hepatitis A is considered a worldwide health problem. This study aims to determine the knowledge, risk perceptions, and behavioral intentions for hepatitis A among elementary school teachers in Yazd city. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a random cluster sample of 307 people who taught at elementary schools. The data collection tool in this study was a 30 question questionnaire that had validity and reliability in five parts: i) demographics, ii) knowledge, iii) individual risk perception, iv) general risk perception, and v) behavioral intention. The questionnaire completed by elementary school teachers in Yazd city. Mean Participants age was 37.80±7.89 years with a range of 20-53 years. The score knowledge was 23.44±3.17 (range 0-34), general risk perception was 23.44±3.17 (range 7-35), individual risk perception was 6.47±2.01 (range 2-10), and behavioral intention was 16.03±3.38 (range 5-25). There were statistically significant differences between gender and mean score behavioral intention (p=0.009). Therefore women had a high level of intention. It seems by emphasizing increasingly of knowledge aspect who can reach behavioral intention and finally the main purpose of health education with another meaning change behavior for creating health behavior.

Noise is a widespread physical agent and although is a most risk factors in workplaces that workers of health to exposed. Thus, different actions is done for reduce exposure to it in work places, which one of them is use of hearing protection devices. The use of hearing protection devices with approach risk perception of noise induced hearing loss in several manufacturing industry This study was Cross-sectional study and done in five industrial unit with a sound pressure level more of 85 dB-A with the participation of 340 workers. To collect data, individual risk perception and self-investigator questionnaires were used. After collecting data, statistical analysis including Cronbach's alpha and regression were used to analyze the data. Range use of hearing protection devices during shifts work by workers, respectively equal to: 50.4% sometimes, 31.58% never and 18.2% at all times. Also, results indicate significant differences between individual differences and hearing protection devices. Results of this study showed that individual risk perception as an important factor, can do a significant role in predicting the behavior of personals in the use of hearing protection devices, which should be considered in any design and implementation of hearing protection program.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational and social media on covid19 prevention through the mediation of individual risk perception and the moderating role of gender. The present study is a descriptive survey. The main question of the research is to investigate the effect of organizational and social media on people's perception of Corona pandemic and its effect on the prevention of Covid disease. The statistical population includes the personnel of Saipa Company, whose number is 7000 people who were selected using Cochran's formula of 364 samples. Research data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and finalized through the Delphi method, using the opinion of experts. Reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and hypotheses were analyzed and tested using PLS3 software and structural equation method. Findings indicate that social and organizational networks have an effect on the perception of individual risk, social media has an effect on preventive measures against coronary heart disease, but organizational media has no effect on preventive measures.On the other hand, the role of gender adjustment on the indicators was evaluated, and it was found that gender does not adjust any of the indicators.

Workplace safety has been a concern of workers and managers for decades. Measuring safety climate is crucial in improving safety performance. It is also a method of benchmarking safety perception.
To develop and validate a psychometrics scale for measuring nurse's safety climate.
Literature review, subject matter experts and nurse's judgment were used in items developing. Content validity and reliability for new tool were tested by content validity index (CVI) and test-retest analysis, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation was used to improve the interpretation of latent factors.
A 40-item scale in 6 factors was developed, which could explain 55% of the observed variance. The 6 factors included employee's involvement in safety and management support, compliance with safety rules, safety training and accessibility to personal protective equipment, hindrance to safe work, safety communication and job pressure, and individual risk perception.
The proposed scale can be used in identifying the needed areas to implement interventions in safety climate of nurses.

The tourism industry has long been recognized as one of the most vulnerable industries in the face of all kinds of crises. Meanwhile, health-related crises such as epidemics can have a direct negative impact on the tourism industry; because travel can facilitate the spread of epidemics. As of December 2019, cases of "unknown viral pneumonia" have been reported, initially associated with exposure to the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, on January 6, 2020, a new coronavirus capable of infecting humans was discovered, called Covid-19. Covid-19 changed the image of the world in every way and had a significant impact on tourism demand. Fear, anxiety and fatigue are common in the community due to the Covid-19 epidemic. Citizens experience depression as a result of being isolated from society in order to minimize face-to-face contact. Hence, citizens have promoted " Untact tourism " to quench their thirst for travel and leisure and minimize the potential dangers of Covid-19. This type of tourism refers to a behavioral mode to minimize direct contact between people. This study highlights Untact tourism as a health-protecting behavior due to people's risk perception of Covid-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism based on the frameworks of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. And it seeks to answer the question of whether the perceived risk of Covid-19 by tourists has a positive effect on their behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism? The insights gained from this study provide a mechanism for health-protective behaviors resulting from individuals' risk perception in times of global health crises and their consequences for tourism destinations to adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the effects of epidemics.

The present study is an applied one in terms of purpose. Since this study examines the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on the behavioral intentions of tourists towards Untact tourism, it is a descriptive correlation and based on a structural equation model. The statistical population of the study was all tourists who visited the tourism attractions of Amol city during the outbreak of the second wave of Covid-19 in September and October 2020. In this research, the questionnaire was online, the link of the questionnaire was sent in social networks related to tourism channels of Amol city. Respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire if they had traveled to the tourism attractions of Amol during the months of September and October. During the one-month period, 246 questionnaires were collected by available methods and analyzed. Structural equation modeling for data analysis was performed by using of Smart-PLS software.

The present study is conducted due to the growing need to better understand the role of protective behaviors during the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. This study demonstrates the importance of risk perception of coronavirus as a basis for the formation of tourists' attitudes and behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In the literature, previous researchers have extensively discussed the effect of risk perception on behavioral intentions in tourism. However, little researches have been done on the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In addition, the indirect effects of perceived risk of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism were confirmed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism during the second wave of Covid-19 epidemic through the development of the planned behavior theory. In particular, this study highlights a significant insight into Untact tourism as a preventive or covert health behavior associated with Covid-19 based on the Health Belief Model. From a theoretical point of view, this study used the concept of " Untact " in tourism to explain the new pattern of behavior among tourists during the epidemic. In particular, this concept has been highlighted as a health-protective behavior based on the Health Belief Model, although previous research has examined it from a technology-based perspective. That is, the study discusses " Untact " as a concept to demonstrate a typical but innovative tourism behavior that satisfies people's desire to travel even during an epidemic while minimizing disease risks. Untact behaviors of individuals used for health care purposes could be potential avenues for future post-coronary research. From a practical point of view, this study will benefit marketers and tourism industry activists and provide an opportunity for them to develop and implement Untact tourism services and strategies to ensure a high risk perception of Covid-19 leads to tourist behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. Also, tourism activists should consider Untact tourism as a new model that meets the needs of people to minimize perceived risk as well as provide their travel needs. This is not just the elimination of service conflicts, but can be a superior service based on a high level of customization. They can also send messages about their efforts to implement Untact tourism as a guarantee for the safe travel experiences of tourists.

 Having a clear understanding of the relationship between risk perception, knowledge, and protective behaviors could play a significant role in occupational risk management. This study aimed to survey the relationship between risk perception and knowledge on the behavior of using respiratory protection equipment in the four National Oil Products Distribution Company.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2018, 52 workers from the loading and quality control departments of 4 national companies distributing petroleum products in Sabzevar, Bojnourd, Torbat Heydariyeh, and Shahroud participated. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were assessed (CVI: 0.9 and CVR: 0.92 and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was determined to be 0.73), and data were analyzed using SPSS19 software, and descriptive statistics and linear regression were analyzed.

 More than half of the participants, who were exposed to the chemicals, use RPDs (Respiratory Protective Devices) all the time and when they are exposed to chemicals. While 75% of them reported using RPDs (Respiratory Protective Devices), reduces the quality of their work. In this study, there was not any significant relationship between RPDs behavior with knowledge and risk perception (P > 0.05). However, the association between work experience and RPDs was negatively significant (p= 0.009). 

 The results of this study suggested that only education and knowledge could not promote individual risk perception, improving protective behavior, therefore other barriers such as uncomfortably of RPDs, or their interference with the worker should be considered. To achieve this goal, the safety and health officials of the companies must pay attention to its quality in addition to the correct choice of these devices.

Individual investors compared major investors have fewer features to decision-making in stock exchange. This factor with unstable and economic and political swings، faced stock exchange to secondary risk of individualism and undetectable behavior of investors that these require to establish a risk management system for optimum stability and stock market development. The target of this research is investors understanding of risk factors and psychological effects. The result show that policies related to the stock market، excessive speculation، disclosure of the information published by companies، information asymmetry، has an impact on risk perception of individual investors، also risk perception has an impact on willingness to re- invest and investment satisfaction. Finally، it can be said that the perception of risk perform a fundamental role in the mechanism of behavioral psychology investors.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of risk perception and to assess and rate the factors of unsafe behavior among the firefighters in Tehran City. The study investigated the effect of “education and awareness”, “personality capability”, “coordination in teamwork”, “environmental factors and neurological stresses”, and “motivational systems” on risk perception and unsafe behavior of the firefighters working in operational units. The data were collected by interviews and the risk perception questionnaire made by the research team. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were investigated and then, it was used for data collection. The sample size consisted of 510 operational personnel, including directors and deputies of the city districts, station heads, commanders, caretakers, and firefighters, who were selected by random sampling allocation. The findings showed that education and awareness, personality capability, coordination in teamwork and motivational systems were the factors influence the firefighters’ risk perception and unsafe behavior. The results also demonstrated that risk perception plays an important role in the rate of unsafe behavior among firefighters and is influenced by some important organizational and individual characteristics that are highly recommended to be considered in high-risk processes and operations.

The tourism industry, in addition to its advantages as one of the spatial objects, is facing risks and threatening processes that will face a decline in the benefits of this industry if not managed.  One of the most important ways to manage the risks of tourist destinations and maintain the destination is to improve tourists' perception of environmental risks before the trip. The present article examines and analyzes the risk perception indicators of environmental hazards of tourists in rural areas with descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population includes 267 rural tourists in the tourism target villages of Gorgan County. The collected data were analyzed using mean comparison tests, correlation tests, and heuristic factor analysis. According to the results, among the constructive dimensions of the risk perception variable (cognitive, emotional and functional) among tourists, the emotional dimension has the highest and the functional dimension has the lowest value. In addition, using exploratory factor analysis, the factors affecting tourists' risk perception could categorized into four factor; destination recognition, infrastructural and physical factors of destination, individual conditions and abilities, and social perceptions of the environment

The emergent Covid-19 disease with conspicuous prevalence is putting the healthcare workers' job security at risk. The preventive behaviors in every individual have a close relationship with his/her risk perception of the risk factor. Hence the present study has been undertaken aiming at determining the Iranian healthcare workers' risk perception of the Covid-19 disease at the beginning of the crisis and the relevant effective factors
This anonymous online survey was conducted in summer, 2020 using available sampling method among the Iranian healthcare workers. The data was collected via online-social networks using a researcher-made questionnaire containing demographical specifications, risk perceptions, with five sub-scales including cognitive, cultural, political, social and emotional factors. Data analysis was done in spss software 16.
From 165 participants, the age group (20-49 years) with 84% and the females with 60% constituted the majority of participants. The average risk perception score of the healthcare workers was 66.43±8.17. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed the significant direct relationship between the risk perception score and all the sub-scales at 0.01 significance level. The political and cultural factors had the highest correlation with the personnel risk perception (r > 0.75).
At the beginning of the crisis, Health workers did not have an excellent risk perception of the emergent Covid-19 disease. It seems that at the onset of a crisis, training is necessary to increase the risk perception of employees.