The individualization of custodial arrangements, such as the individualization of punishment, means the imposition and enforcement of criminal penalties commensurate with the nature of the offense or the characteristics of the offender as predicted in international human rights instruments in the international arena. The issue of criminal service contracts is a human protected by the principle of innocence and as a defendant and not a convicted person in the case, and therefore observing his dignity and his particular situation in issuing this sentence is more than the personalization of punishment and respect for the offender who is charged He proved to be important. Nevertheless, this part of the judicial decisions for the accused, in spite of the individualization of punishments, is less relevant to legal texts.The foundations for the individualization of custodial contracts are found in various theories of criminology and the legal principles enshrined in international documents and various regulations. Also, how to apply this, namely, proportionality or inappropriateness in the determination of general supply arrangements and the appointment of unnecessary arrest warrants in a specific sense, has explicit criteria in international documents, which necessitates these criteria as well as the degree of alignment of the Iranian legislator with that study And existing regulatory gaps

Individualization means that in the course of social institution's decline, people reproduce their life-world. The current research with emphasis on the family, studies the demographic changes in Iran. The changes such as rising of divorce rate and rapid decline of fertility rate show that Iranian families have been changed. In this research, the changes have been conceptualized and investigated by using the family individualization indicators. Paying attention to the importance and place of family in Iran the purpose of the study is, answering to this question , is it possible to speak about the individualization of family in Iran or not? For this purpose, family demographic changes trend was studied with emphasis on divorce, marriage and fertility indicators from 1957 to 2014 based on the trend analysis; the current study was conducted based on the data and information from Iran National Statistical Centre and also based on a set of valid national reports both in national and provincial levels where the relationship between the demographic indicators of family individualization with a set of social development indicators were statistically compared. The research findings show that demographic changes of families in Iran have a clear trend in the course of individualization; these changes were observed in all the 31 provinces of country, but the size and intensity of changes were due to the social and economic developments level rather than the cultural and geographical differences.

In their 2017 article, Mannion and Exworthy provide a thoughtful and theory-based analysis of two parallel trends in modern healthcare systems and their competing and conflicting logics: standardization and customization. This commentary further discusses the challenge of treatment decision-making in times of evidence-based medicine (EBM), shared decision-making and personalized medicine. From the perspective of systems theory, we propose the concept of individualized standardization as a solution to the problem. According to this concept, standardization is conceptualized as a guiding framework leaving room for individualization in the patient physician interaction. The theoretical background is the concept of context management according to systems theory. Moreover, the comment suggests multidisciplinary teams as a possible solution for the integration of standardization and individualization, using the example of multidisciplinary tumor conferences and highlighting its limitations. The comment also supports the authors’ statement of the patient as co-producer and introduces the idea that the competing logics of standardization and individualization are a matter of perspective on macro, meso and micro levels.

Iran's new criminal policy in the legislative, judicial, and executive dimensions is in line with the rapprochement. On the other hand, the individualization of the execution of the punishment guarantees the reformative goals of the punishment. The present article emphasizes the necessity of "combining the policy of individualization of punishment with the criminal policy of rapprochement in the light of the role of the execution judge".The question Is: to what extent do the current powers provide the possibility of adapting the execution of the punishment to the personal, family, and social conditions of the criminal in line with the arbitrary criminal policy? In this article, in a descriptive-analytical way, the discretionary authority of the judge in the execution of the sentences has been criticized and analyzed from the perspective of arbitrary criminal policy. The findings of the research show that the authority of the judge to execute sentences is defined only in the framework of "primary exclusion" - based on the individual characteristics of the convicted person, while le the individualization of fraternity requires the creation of "secondary exclusion" mechanisms - based on conditions outside the personality of the convicted person and her/his behavior during the execution of the sentence.

The liability caused by other’s actions has been believed in previous societies. Hence, people used to destroy a tribe because of the murder of a person. With the advent of legal systems, the principle of individualization of punishment was established, so that no other person is punished because of other’s actions. However, with the creation of legal entities, assumptions were presented and led to the criminal liability of legal entities. Now, the question is that whether considering criminal liability for the legal entity is consistent with the principle of individualization of punishment or not? And whether such a person can be punished or not? The answer is that the principle of individualization of punishment has a relative and not absolute impact. When a person is punished for the commitment of a crime, the other people around that person will be damaged physically and spiritually and even other social classes with no relationship with the offender are harmed. On legal entities, the same issue is true. Criminal liability and punishment of legal entity can impose harm on stockholders and other people connected to the person. However, this is not inconsistent with the principle of individualization of punishment. This is because; firstly, the said principle has a relative effect, and secondly, criminal liability of a legal entity is a proxy and not a liability caused by the other’s action. Thirdly, the legal entity has the capability of tolerating the punishment. Fourthly, considering liability for the legal entity and punishing that person can leave impacts in the society to make interest for those people, who were harmed by the punishment of the legal entity.

The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout the history. The expansion of this idea led to the creation of archetypal approach that has been effective in humanities and art researches. In this attitude, the artwork is considered as psycho of its creator, and the metaphors inside it are interpreted based on specific archetypes. Among the different types of art, architecture and in this research, "the architecture of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era", has trans-physical ideas in addition to the material side. The traditional architecture of Iran has been various and rich aspects of the culture and beliefs, therefore provides an opportunity to reflect on the manifestations of collective unconscious. This research has sought to understand the implicit concepts and common themes between two archetypes of the Self and the Individualization Process, in Jung's theories and the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era. the research questions are explained as follows: What are the themes related to archetypes of the self and and the Individualization Process in the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran? On which components of the traditional houses, the archetypes of the Self and and the Individualization Process have been manifested? The research method is qualitative content analysis with the interaction of inductive and comparative approaches with phenomenology attitude. The reliability of the research in the quantitative part is determined by applying Cronbach's alpha coefficient in Spss software. The single-sample T-test confirms the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the common themes such as "centrality", "coexistence of opposites", "introversion", "Mandala geometry", "hierarchy" and "unity" between the archetypes of the self and the individualization process in Jung's theory and the architectural principles and components of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era.

The main basis for differentiating responses in the crimes of children and adolescents is the commitment to the welfare model. This model aims to improve the behavioral and personality status of delinquent children and teenagers with an idealistic view and influenced by the human rights strategy. One of the main aspects of accepting the welfare-oriented model is to pay attention to the policy of individualization of answers. This principle means fitting the answer to the character of the offender. The individualization of answers will be realized through the de-authentication of non-clinical variables such as the severity and nature of the crime and the adoption of a child-oriented approach. On the other hand, the diversity of the answers, the preference of the non-incarceration alternative response over the incarceration-reducing answer, and the dominance of the new circuit alternative approach over the traditional one is one of the most important dimensions of attention to individualization. The method of this research is based on the content analysis of the Islamic Penal Code and judicial procedure. The findings of the research indicate non-adherence to the welfare model in terms of individualization in determining the response, that is, depending on the case, in punishment crimes, the model of substitution of imprisonment, and in criminal and retributive crimes, the justice model as the dominant model of punishment has been accepted for crimes against children and adolescents.

Because of a crime crisis in societies through 80’s، stabilization in criminality noticed by criminologists. A dynamic fact and stable process which in it، in lack of management in criminal justice، juveniles and immature earlier criminals، might be in danger and as a result، today’s potential stabilizer criminals are tomorrow’s chronic stabilized ones. Beside other ecological، mental and social crime-making bases، notion of criminal justice of adolescents to punishment and other mere retributive ways with no consequentiality or individualization of punishment added to previous problems. Now by restricting the young criminal in the official procedure of monitoring، the tendency of stabilization of crime is doubled. Individualization of punishment and performing effective social reactions requires precise recognition of criminal’s personality. This recognition is possible only by scientific and inclusive study of young deviator’s personality in a necessary process in which we call it afterward “personality profile”. Profiles that will help criminal justice، to decide on the best decision prevent the return of young criminal to the previous habitual illicit way.

Nowadays, organizations tend to aggregate and increase the knowledge resources of work groups. In this paper, we introduce a framework to classify knowledge-sharing mechanisms, especially in project-based organizations. Prior research concentrated on identifying dimensions of knowledge sharing mechanisms such as personalization vs. codification, and individualization vs. institutionalization. Personalization strategy aims at encouraging individuals to share their knowledge directly. Information technology plays less important role, as it is only supposed to facilitate communication and knowledge sharing among the members of an organization. Codification mechanisms focus on collecting and storing codified knowledge in previously designed electronic databases to make it accessible to the organization. Individualization mechanisms facilitate the sharing of knowledge at individual level while institutionalization mechanisms facilitate knowledge sharing at group level. Taking these dimensions into account and based on an empirical study of MAPNA Corp, this paper presents a framework to utilize knowledge sharing mechanisms in organizations while they have different size, nature of work, and geographical dispersion.

Criminal justice management by abandoning traditional methods and eliminating retaliation aspects while preserving the effects of restoration aims at reducing the criminal record, the aggravation of cases and the costs of criminal justice. In economic analysis and that of the cost of criminal prosecution, when prosecution, sentencing or execution is not necessary, granting a victim an opportunity to rehabilitate is appropriate, and the crime committed is not an important one, criminal regressive policy proceeds. Our country also in line with the globalization of criminal law and the observance of the UN recommendations has established new institutions such as postponement of prosecution, file archiving, etc., and has expanded the scope of the institutions by adopting the Islamic Penal Code and the Penal Procedure Code 2013 as well as utilizing the capacity of the legal system and the public institutions along with the “criminal validation” approach, while validating the arbitrary institutions that are sometimes neglected. Legislative, judicial and executive Criminal policies changes are in connection with the development of a genuine human rights system, the individualization of criminal justice, prosecution alternatives, deprosecution, and so forth. In this paper, the individualization of criminal justice in the pre-trial phase is examined.