Common international waterways have special importance and status in terms of international law and relations. Undoubtedly, one of the most important challenges of the last century of international institutions is to try for more coordination between States with common water resources and fair allocation of these resources among them. Familiarity of the States with international customs and laws on how to exploit shared water resources will lead to optimal management and reduce tensions in this area. In this regard, several international treaties and agreements have been prepared with the efforts of international organizations and institutions. In addition, many customary laws have been appeared in this regard at the international level.Despite the great importance of the issue, the challenge of using international waterways  has not yet been managed and planned by an international binding agreement or law, although with the passage of time, public understanding for international participation to solve resource problems Common blue has increased; But the world community has not yet reached a suitable conclusion on an international document that can be agreed upon for the management and protection of common water resources.Until now, various laws, treaties and resolutions have been approved regarding the joint exploitation of common water resources, but due to the existence of problems and ambiguities in some of the articles of these laws, none of these laws are used as a reference law. One of the important reasons for that is the existence of different doctrines and attitudes towards environmental law and its philosophy.According to the Helsinki Laws of 1996, all countries located along the river have equal rights to use water resources, and no country has the right to use river water if it causes damage to other countries along the river. In the 1997 Convention on the Rights of Non-Navigational Uses of International Waterways, many legal principles raised in international environmental law, such as "the principle of rational and fair exploitation and use of water and the principle of prohibiting damage to the territory of the state Other" and the principle of "international cooperation" have been formulated and presented.In terms of research, the articles written in this field are mostly in English. One of the most important works done in Persian language in this field is an article written by Mr. Shuli, Watan Feda and Mrs. Sarkar Khanum Arideh entitled "Examination of the theories and legal provisions of water sharing in the laws of international treaties on border waters" The article examines international treaties on border waters, which is very valuableConsidering the important differences and problems of the Islamic Republic of Iran with its neighbors regarding common waterways and considering the severe water shortage, the most important achievement of this article is the pathology and finding ways to optimally use international regulations, laws and obligations to prevent It is a violation of the right of our country and also to refrain from any tension with the neighbors in this regard. The most important hypothesis of the article is about this axis: "customary obligations of countries and approved international conventions on the issue of international waterways are the only way to resolve the disputes of neighboring countries in this area. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing international laws, customs and treaties on how countries use common water resources. Based on the findings of this study, compliance with regulations and treaties by countries will lead to optimal management and reduce tensions in this area.

United Nations Security Council, which is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, has issued a number of resolutions following the widespread and re-active piracy on important international waterways, particularly off the coast of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden, which pose a serious threat to international peace and security. (Twenty-three resolutions). Since Security Council resolutions are a binding source of international law and states are obliged to comply with them, as well as other obligations under the conventions to which they are party, in this descriptive-analytical study The "limitations" of Security Council resolutions on piracy, which have led to many developments and innovations in the international community's response to the phenomenon, have been discussed. In general, although Security Council resolutions have proposed a variety of strategies to effectively combat piracy, which in the short term have been able to influence the spread of piracy and, with the cooperation of various countries, establish security on some international waterways, this security has been temporary and fragile. And the security of international maritime trade requires other long-term solutions, including the allocation of courts to prevent the impunity of perpetrators of piracy, in addition to the existing methods used, such as patrols, and so on.

Today, the phenomenon of modern piracy is considered as one of the major challenges in international waterways. The international community has not been able to effectively counter this phenomenon, despite the ongoing efforts to prosecute the perpetrators in domestic courts. One of the potential solutions recently introduced is the International Criminal Court (ICC) for piracy. This research seeks to answer these questions that given the crisis created by the pirates' return to international waterways, what are the challenges or challenges to the current jurisdiction of International criminal court to prosecute piracy defendants? And then what are the solutions or solutions to these challenges and obstacles? The present study is a descriptive and analytical study using library tools to investigate the topic and find an answer to the above question. Generally speaking, although the prosecution of piracy offenders in the International Criminal Court(ICC) can be considered a long-term positive impact, it is also internationally challenged, with challenges such as the failure to mention piracy in the statute, Lack of legal capacity, location relevance, and high financial costs are some of the challenges that this research is trying to address.

Nowadays, the increased use of international watercourses for non-navigational purposes, such as agricultural, industrial, and trade use has put them in the spotlight. Meanwhile, global weather change, droughts, excessive uses of water resources, scarcity of water resources, and population growth have increased the conflicts over international waterways. One of the common principles in public international law is the principle of cooperation between the countries emphasized in the UN charter and a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements, including the 1977 Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses. In recent years debates between Iran and Iraq over the use of international waters have intensified and it seems without cooperation between both countries these debates cannot be resolved. Therefore, the principle of cooperation regarding international watercourses has been chosen as the subject of this research. This research has applied descriptive and analytic methodology. The purpose of this study is to show to what extent the principle of cooperation is reflected or indeed implemented in the international and bilateral agreements on watercourses between Iran and Iraq.

Fighting piracy through marine patrolling or round-the-clock presence of navy forces in international waterways may reduce pirate attacks against ships but will bear no fruit in the long run, without introducing approaches for trial and punishment of the main culprits. During the past decade, pirates have been tried within their country of origin but for various reasons such as asylum-seeking, high costs, political problems and the like, this sole approach has failed to be of positive effect in the course of fighting piracy. Moreover, resorting to such methods as the trial of pirates in third countries has faced numerous restrictions in practice. Therefore, the trial of pirates at a regional or international court can be evaluated as a long-term approach with positive effects. This approach, however, may face serious challenges although there are solutions under study to overcome these challenges. This research intends to have a critical review of the challenges and approaches to the trial of pirates in international courts of justice.

1990s started oil exports for the economic development of independent countries in Central Asia, Subject oil swap has been proposed because of its access to free international waterways and the cost of crude oil export by air or land transit ways, and mutually cost-effective transit route for oil from Iran, due to its maritime connection through the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the ocean.
This experiment began oil operations in Iran was in 1375 and its continuation as an oil contract, has played an important role in economic relations between Iran and Central Asian countries. Swap is a bilateral trade tool for the exchanges of goods which is the oil operations, saves the cost of transporting petroleum products into the country and reduces the cost of transport and road and rail traffic in it. With imports of oil or petroleum products produced in countries around the Caspian Sea, one of the Iranian border and taking it in and mutually oil or products with the same specifications for another output, in the absence of border trade embargo of Iranian oil, The expansion of trade relations and strengthen economic and political relations and enhance the national security of these countries.

Afghanistan is a  country that shares four waterways (Hirmand, Kabul, Harirud, Amu) with neighboring countries. These watercourses are an important source of water supply in Afghanistan and its neighboring countries. Except for the Hirmand River which has the 1973 treaty as its governing source of legal regulation, the other three water basins of Afghanistan do not have a treaty exploitation system and are considered subject to the customary rules. Therefore, any use of these waterways is only possible within the framework of the customary rules of international law of the sea. Due to various historical reasons, Afghanistan has not had the opportunity to avail itself of these watercourses. In the last few years, this country has designed and implemented programs to manage and use its water resources. Many of these actions were faced with protests from Afghanistan's neighboring countries. These countries have considered the actions taken by Afghanistan to be in conflict with international law, especially the customary law governing international waterways. According to the practice of states, and the opinions of international judicial and non-judicial institutions, currently, there are rules such as reasonable and equitable utilization, the prohibition of incurring serious harm to other countries, and the responsibility to cooperate, which underly the basic and customary rules of international law of the sea. The customary characteristic makes states legally obliged to comply with these rules regardless of their membership in international treaties. States’ violation of customary obligations will result in international liability. Without a doubt, Afghanistan, as a member of the international community, will not be exempt from this rule.

Research Questions:

 The present research examines the status of the customary obligations regarding the non-navigational use of international waterways in the legal system and the practical practice of the Afghan government. The research seeks to answer these questions: What is the approach of Afghanistan's legal system towards the international customary rules of the sea and do the domestic laws require the government to comply with these obligations or not? What is the practical practice of the government in this case and to what extent are Afghanistan's actions consistent with the international customary rules?

 As an important source of life and livelihood, the subject of waterways has been of interest to humans forever. The greatest human civilizations are built next to water sources. With the formation of nation-states, the discussion of international waterways and their exploitation by countries was raised. In this regard, many researches have been conducted and published by scholars on how to regulate the use of international watercourses around the world.
Although such research was initially centered around the use of navigation, with the increase in population, the climate changes, and the pollution of water resources, non-navigational exploitation and their related topics also attracted the attention of scholars. Regarding the international watercourses of Afghanistan, many researches have been published by different authors both inside and outside of Afghanistan, in different languages.
The common denominator of all of these efforts is the focus on contractual obligations, management, and the protection of water resources. Therefore, an important i.e., international customary obligations of Afghanistan and its practice and performance in this area has been neglected. However, some authors have mentioned some of these obligations in their research. For example, we can refer to works such as the research  of Mr. Jamshid Momtaz titled “The legal system of the middle East watercourses”, “Ali Raghanabi: The legal principles governing the international rivers, with an emphasis on the Hirmand River”, “Nusratullah Afzali: The principles governing the international watercourses with an emphasis on the Harirud river”, and “Mrs. Sara Naqshband: International Practices in the Settlement of International River Disputes”. Within Afghanistan, in the last few years, research has been carried out in the field of Transboundary Rivers. 
The major parts of these research papers have been carried out by the Doran Institute, which is a private research institute. This research center has so far published two articles in this area (Amu and Kabul) and besides these, publishes a journal about the waters of Afghanistan, the first issue of which was published in 2015. This research focuses on the capacities of the mentioned areas, the capabilities and challenges of their use, and the climate risks that threaten these waters; it briefly refers to the legal aspects of using these waters. however, it has not been specifically and comprehensively addressed.

Article 7 of Afghanistan’s Constitution recognizes the government’s responsibility to comply with the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and other treaties that Afghanistan has accepted, but it does not make any reference to international customary obligations. Of course, this does not mean that Afghanistan does not accept customary international obligations. the obligation to comply with the UN Charter (based on Articles 1 and 2 and other principles of the Charter) is not limited to treaties, and includes obeying all binding sources of international law. The constitution, especially its seventh article, has stated the obligations that need to be approved by the parliament (National Council) and approved by the president. Customary international obligations are usually entered into national systems through automatically and informally and do not require a special process for ratification and
approval. The study of Afghanistan's legal practice, including the study of the past constitutions (1980 and 1987), in which, in addition to treaties, Afghanistan's obligations to other accepted principles and rules of international law are set out, supports this claim.
This is why the Afghanistan transboundary water policy, which was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2015, mentions Afghanistan's responsibility to comply with the international rules and regulations in the operation of transboundary waters in its sixth chapter. International rules and regulations include contractual and customary rules.
The practice of the Afghan government in the exploitation of common waterways is in line with its responsibility to act by these rules. The signing of a treaty with Iran (in 1973) and an agreement with the Soviet Union in the field of utilization of the Amu River (in 1958 and 1964) indicates that this country considers itself bound to international obligations in this field.

 The Afghan constitution is silent on its international customary obligations. nevertheless, the emphasis on compliance with the United Nations Charter in its seventh chapter also includes complying with the customary rules. The legal and practical practice of the Afghan government shows that this country considers itself obliged to comply with these obligations not only as a  member of the international community; but also according to its domestic laws. However, examining the degree of compliance of this country's actions in the use of international waterways with its international obligations requires examining all the related factors. Without access to the relevant information, it would be very difficult to consider these actions in violation of these obligations. However, the principle of responsibility to cooperate obliges the Afghan government to take appropriate measures to deal with these protests within the framework of international law.

The implementation of Turkey's huge dam construction projects on the international rivers Tigris, Euphrates and Ars has caused various consequences for the neighboring countries. This action has brought reactions from the downstream governments that are directly related to the rights of these governments and the obligations of the upstream government from the perspective of international law. Although Turkey responded to these criticisms and justified the construction of dams as an internal issue within the framework of national sovereignty, but in terms of the consequences of this Turkish policy for the surrounding countries, it cannot be considered limited to national sovereignty. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the legal aspects of Turkey's dam construction (Gap and DAP) based on the logic of its consequences on the surrounding countries (Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria and Iraq). The main question of the research is that Turkey's huge dam constructions in the form of GAP and DAP projects can be interpreted from a legal point of view with which domestic law and international law cases? which, with a descriptive-analytical method, evaluates the hypothesis that Turkey's numerous dams on the international rivers Tigris, Euphrates and Aras in the form of GAP and DAP projects, from an internal point of view, violate the first article of the rights of minorities and article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. From an international point of view, it is contrary to Article 5 of the rule of fair use in international waterway rights and in conflict with the rule of no damage, the principle of prevention and caution in international environmental law.

Turkey with knowledge about the possible future development of water resources and political upcoming conflicts, the massive dam construction project has been implemented since 1970, According to evaluations, is the world's fifth dam construction plan. The implementation of this project has negative effects on the ecosystem of Turkey's neighboring countries such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, and Syria, and has been carried out in accordance with international conventions without regarding the water rights of other countries. For this reason, this article seeks to answer the question, what threats can the GAP project create to the region and the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the article is influenced by the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School, which shows that the continuation of this situation will engage the Islamic Republic of Iran and the West Asian region with environmental threats, which according to the new definitions of security and threat, will lead to political and security problems. In this research, by examining the dimensions of the Dam construction project in Turkey and its consequences for the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, and Syria, it is proposed to refer to international conventions in the field of international waterways and also to regulate regional legal and political actions Against to this project, managed this critical situation. The method used in this research is descriptive-explanatory based on library resources.

The major part of all planning and regional developments theories has been devoted to plan a spatial structure corresponding to the position of each region. In addition to the general conditions of the country, border provinces, as the bridges to the other countries, have great importance in planning. The necessary characteristics can be explained in four aspects of geo-economics, geo-strategic, geo-culture and geo-politics. Sometimes in geopolitics analysis a region can be distinct from the others because of various reasons such as locating along major and international waterway, having rich resources, strategic location and being across the international transit passages. Hence, the aim of this article is to access appropriate planning for long term spatial structure. This plan is based on using of opportunities and weaknesses location strategic and also reducing the geo-politic, geo-economic, geo-culture threats. Therefore, the gathering information of this descriptive–analytical research is documentary and library. The results indicate that Tabriz, as central of a province or in other words as a central core of north-west region of Iran, has devoted a strong concentration of activities and population to itself and while other regions of this province are underdeveloped. In fact, the distribution of population in Maraghe as the second city of province is ten times lesser than the center of province. As a result of this study, Tabriz-Ahar, Soofiayn-Shabestar-Tasooj axis and Tabriz-Miyandoab axis are recommended as an axis for strengthen the spatial structure to East Azarbaijan Province.