Soil and water pollution, especially pollution by heavy metals such as cadmium,, has been noticed in many modern urban and industrial societies. If heavy metals accumulate in the soil, the capacity of the soil to keep the metals decreases, as a result, they enter the product and their bioavailability increases. Today, the use of biochar is suggested as a healthy method to control heavy metal pollution in the soil.In this research, in order to investigate the concentration of cadmium metals in soil and leaves in the exposure of cadmium stress and using biochar to investigate some physiological indicators of leaves and also to investigate the level of soil composition in 2 varieties of grapes in Malayer city, grape cuttings in plastic pots It was cultivated in the research greenhouse of Malayer University and Faculty of Agriculture.

In this experiment, the effect of biochar on two grape varieties (white Soltana and perlet) was investigated in the face of 100 mg/kg cadmium stress. After applying cadmium stress and using biochar (3% by weight) in the tested pots, The soils of the rhizosphere area were collected after 2 months of applying stress, and the cadmium concentration was done in the form of 5-stage classification in the research laboratory of Malayer University and finally analyzed by atomic absorption device. Leaf samples were also collected after about 2 months of applying stress and biochar, and physiological indicators such as ion leakage, chlorophyll, phosphorus and relative water content were measured.
The data related to each treatment (three replications) were carefully recorded and analyzed using SPSS software. EXCEL software was used to draw graphs. Duncan's test was used at a significance level of 1%.

The results showed that cadmium stress decreased the amount of chlorophyll and the relative content of water and also increased the amount of ion leakage. It was also observed that the application of biochar in both grape varieties increased the relative content of water, chlorophyll and phosphorus and reduced the amount of ion leakage to some extent. In the chemical forms of the soil, the use of biochar caused the reduction of exchange and carbonate forms and the increase of organic, oxide and residual forms. Biochar changed the easily replaceable parts of cadmium to those that are less available. In the conditions of cadmium stress, the use of biochar in soil can play a very important role in plant indicators such as relative water content, ion leakage, chlorophyll and phosphorus.The application of biochar decreased the fraction of exchangeable and carbonated cadmium, while the forms bound to Fe-Mn oxide, organic form and residual fractions increased.It was observed that the availability of heavy metals in the soil was significantly reduced with the addition of biochar compared to the control. Biochar significantly reduced ion leakage in both grape cultivars compared to untreated soil. In the organic form, the white Soltana variety in the presence of biochar and stress of 100 mg/kg of cadmium in the soil (6.57) compared to the samples without the presence of biochar (3.39) had an increase of 48.40% in the average concentration of cadmium. In Perlet cultivar, the percentage of increase was 21.45%, all of which showed an increase in organic form in the presence of biochar.Cadmium in soil in exchangeable and carbonate forms decreased after biochar application.In the residual form, the White Soltana variety in the presence of biochar and stress of 100 mg/kg of cadmium in the soil (20.88) compared to samples without the presence of biochar (15.47) had an increase of 34.97% in the average concentration of cadmium. In Perlet cultivar, the percentage of increase was 30.34%, which all showed the increase of residual form in the presence of biochar. Our results showed that the application of biochar can reduce the availability and toxicity of cadmium.

According to the results of this research, the application of biochar in the soil can be considered as an efficient management solution to control cadmium in areas contaminated with this heavy metal and can cause positive changes in plant leaf indices.Changes in the concentration of cadmium in different soil forms of grape cultivars as a result of the use of grape trunk biochar show that the use of biochar is a good strategy to reduce the risks of transferring cadmium to humans and the environment in metal-contaminated soils.

In order to locate the QTLs involved in the inheritance of agronomical, physiological and metabolitical indicators of drought tolerance in barley, an experiment was carried out using a wheat-barley disomic addition lines. This research was conducted in 2003-2004 at the Dry Land Agricultural Research Institute, Sararood, Kermanshah, Iran. The results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for most of the investigated traits. Mean comparison exhibited that most of the genes controlling drought tolerance criteria are located on chromosomes 4H and 5H. The overall consideration of the indices using stress tolerance index (STI) and physiological multiple selection index (MSI) indicated that most of the QTLs responsible for the genetics of drought tolerance predictors are located on chromosomes 4H and 5H. A three dimensions-plot and cluster analysis confirmed the same conclusion. In correlation analysis, chlorophyll a and b and also proline were detected as indicator of drought tolerance, but excised leaf water retention (ELWR), relative water content (RWC), relative water deficit (RWD), relative water loss (RWL), chlorophyll fluorescence (CHF), cell membrane stability (CMS) and leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) are proved to be physiological indices of drought tolerance.

IntroductionSesame (Sesamum indicum) plays an important role in human health because of its high oil capacity (47 - 52%).. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis protects host plants against the detrimental effects of drought stress through mechanisms of drought avoidance. Strategies of drought avoidance in mycorrhizal plants rely on the ability to maintain an adequate hydration status on the level of whole plants as characterized by relative water content. So the aim of current study was to evaluate the symbiosis effect of two different species of mycorrhizae fungi on yield and physiological characteristics of sesame landraces under different drought stress levels in Urmia.
Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 by using factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Urmia agricultural high school with 12 Km distance from Urmia. The main plot factor was consisted of different irrigation levels: normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)). Also three levels of Sub plot factors included two species of mycorrhizae fungi) Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) and no -inoculation (control). Sub-sub plot factorss consisted of eight landraces of sesames (named Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom landrace, Moghan landrace, Naz of several branches, TC-25,TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5). Then Leaf Area Index (LAI), Total Dry Matter (TDM), Leaf relative water content (RWC), Specific leaf area (SLA), Specific leaf weight (SLW), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR) of different landraces calculated using SAS and MSTATC.
To compare the means, Tukey's test at 5% probability level was used.
Results and DiscussionThe results of the experiment showed that with increasing the levels of drought stress, RWC, LAI, seed yield and LAR decreased significantly. Severe drought stress reduced RWC, LAI and LAR about 30 and 75 and 50 percent, respectively. The reason of LAI reduction in drought stress conditions was due to decreasing cellular turgecense and falling leaves at the onset of reproductive growth stage. By inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in compare to non-inoculation, seed yield improved about 33 and 11 percent, respectively. It may be due to the effects of mycorrhizae on absorption of phosphorus and sulfur, lasting more leaves on the plant, maintaining and increasing the leaf size and improving the photosynthesis by more chlorophylls. Mycorrhizae application caused an increase in seed yield and improvement of physiological traits in compare to no inoculation (control). Among different sesame landraces studied in this research, Moghan and Zanjan Tarom landraces showed a superiority in seed yield, LAI, RWC, LWR and the first lateral stem above ground in compare to other landraces. It was also found that a significant proportion of seed yield reduction caused by drought stress was due to deterioration of physiological traits studied in this study.
ConclusionThe results showed that increasing LAI caused more absorption of light and ultimately seed yield incensement. Among different sesame landraces studied in this research, Moghan and Zanjan Tarom landrace showed a superiority in yield and physiological indices in compare to other landraces. Also it was found that a significant proportion of yield reduction caused by drought stress was due to deterioration of physiological indices studied in this study. Based on the results of this study, application of Mycorrhizae species, especially G. mosseae, is recommended as an effective approach for increasing seed yield and improvement physiological traits in sesame.

IntroductionWheat, being a major source of human food, occupies a significant portion of cultivated area of globe mostly located in altitude from a few meters to more than 3,000 m above sea level. High temperature resulting from delay in planting date is one major environmental factor limiting growth and productivity of wheat. Plants need phosphorus in relatively large quantities, and its role cannot be played by any other elements. Phosphate bio-fertilizers bacteria such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased soil soluble phosphorus by secreting organic acids and phosphatase enzyme. In most of the Iranian soils pH is high and they are also calcareous. In this type of soils, solvability of micronutrients is less and it decreases absorption of micronutrients by plant, finally requirement of plants increases to this elements. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of planting date, Bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar).
Materials and MethodsTo study the effects of planting date, bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar), an experiment was conducted at split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with 16 treatments and three replications in Ramhormoz city in farming Year 2015-16. The experimental factors were included planting date in two levels (21 November and 5 January) as the main factor and use of bio-fertilizer in two levels of seed non-inoculated and seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteriaand elements foliar application of zinc and boron in four levels by water (control), zinc (3 L ha-1), boron (3 L ha-1) and zinc (3 L ha-1) boron (3 L ha-1) to form of factorial as sub factor. Solutions for foliar application were prepared by using Zinc- chelate (7.5%) and Boron (5%). In this experiment, traits measured were involved leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), leaf proline content, cell membrane stability index, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. To determine leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), digital chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used. To determine leaf proline content Bates et al., (1973) method was used. To determine cell membrane stability index (CMSI) Luttset al., (1996) method was used and according to equation 1. The Fv/Fm was measured with a portable Photosynthetic Efficiency Analyser PEA (Walz, Germany) and according to equation 2.
1: CMSI=(1-(EC1/ EC2))×100
2: Fv/Fm= (Fm-F0)/Fm
Where in this equation EC1 is primary electrical conductivity, EC2 is secondary electrical conductivity, Fm is the maximum fluorescence, F0 is the minimum fluorescence, and Fv is the variable fluorescence (Fm-F0). Grain yield was estimated after physiological maturity and through total spikes harvested from the level of 1 m-2 per plot and after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows. To measure the biological yield at maturity, after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows from the level of 1 m-2 per plot all the plants were harvested and weighted for each plot separately. Harvest index was determined by the equation grain yield/biological yield × 100. Analysis of variance was performed by using general linear model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.1). Traits means were compared by LSD test at 5% probability level.
Results and DiscussionThe results showed that with delay in planting due to terminal heat stress all traits such as leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), cell membrane stability index, Fv/Fm, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index except leaf proline content decreased significantly. Seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria improved significantly all physiological and agronimic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar) except harvest index in both the optimum planting dates and delayed. Between the different levels elements foliar application of zinc and boron, combined application of zinc溊 was more effective on physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar), and could reduce the harmful effects caused by the delay in planting. The interaction of seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron except harvest index improved significantly harmful effects caused by the delay in planting on traits leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), leaf proline content, cell membrane stability index, Fv/Fm, grain yield and biological yield to values 3.37%, 12.29%, 6.48%, 3.02%, 17.25% and 24.04%, respectively. Between interaction of bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron, the use of zinc nutrient than application of combining it with boron was more effective in reducing the harmful effects resulting from delay in planting.
ConclusionsIn general it can be concluded that the optimum planting date (21 November), seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and elements foliar application of zinc and boron especially zinc, is three strategies appropriate management to improve physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Aflakcultivar)in the Ramhormoz city.

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizo-bacteria (PGPRs) and humic acid on some morphological and physiological characteristics of marshmallow (Altheae officinalis L.) a pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, in 2017. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized blocks design based on factorial arrangement with three replications. First factor was seed inoculation with strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria at four levels (non- inoculation, inoculation with strains 51, 79 and 163) and second factor was humic acid at four levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg soil). Results showed that Pseudomonas fluorescence strains and humic acid had significant effects on morphological and physiological measured traits. The most effects of inoculation created by strain 163 of Pseudomonas fluorescenss bacteria and it increased leaf dry weight, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoids and protoin leaf compare to control. The result also showed that increasing of humic acid concentration up to 150 mg/kg of soil increased, leaf area, leaf chlorophylls index, chlorophyll fluorescence index and protein leaf compare to control. Combination use of Pseudomonas fluorescenss bacteria (strain 163) and humic acid (150 mg/kg soil) had the most effect on increasing of leaf fresh weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and phosphor leaf compare to control. Due to these results, application of biological fertilizers containing Pseudomonas fluorescence and humic acid can improve morphological and physiological characteristics of marshmallow.

This study was conducted to investigate the associations between physiological and agronomical traits of different bread wheat genotypes in dryland conditions. 20 genotypes (including 18 lines and 2 cultivars) were investigated in one experiment using randomized complete block design with four replicates in dryland conditions during 2006- 2007. Traits measurements were carried out at the anthesis and physiological ripening stages. In this experiment 16 agronomical traits and 10 physiological traits were measured. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis، it can be concluded that selection for agronomical traits including lower height and percentage of leaf dry matter as well as higher percentage of spike and stem dry matter، spike length، 1000- grain weight and yield would result in the selection of effective physiological traits such as، higher chlorophyll content index، leaf area، specific leaf dry weight، relative water content and photosynthetic water use efficiency and lower stomatal conductance under dr land conditions.

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen sources including ammonium nitrate, asparagine, and glutamine in five concentrations of 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mg l-1 on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five repliacations. The indices including plant height, shooting rate, number of leaves, necrotic leaf size, chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll content, and the content of carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids were measured. The results showed that the nitrogen sources significantly (P≤0.01) affected the all measured indices except the necrotic leaf size. The results of means comparison showed that the highest shooting rate and number of leaves were obtained at 100 mg l-1 of glutamine and asparagine and the highest plant height was obtained at 200 mg l-1 of ammonium nitrate. Also, the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was obtained at 50 mg l-1 of asparagine and the highest amount of phenols and flavonoids was related to 200 mg l-1 of glutamine. In general, the results showed that the various nitrogen sources studied could positively and significantly improve the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary under in vitro conditions.

In order to study growth indices, morphological and physiological traits, grain yield and its components in rice landraces and Improved cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) located in the north of Iran in 2003 cropping season. This experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications, Eight improved cultivars; Neda, Dasht, Fajr, Pouya, Khazar, Shafagh (Indica), Onda, Fuji Minori Japonica and two landraces; Tarom and Ramazan Ali Tarom were studied. Because of the differences in developmental pattern among the cultivars growing degree days (GDD) was used instead calendar days in calculating growth indices. Growth indices (Crop Growth Rate = CGR, Relative Growth Rate = RGR, Net Assimilation Rate = NAR, Leaf Area Duration = LAD, Leaf Area Ratio = LAR, Leaf Area Index = LAI) and traits such as number of vascular bundles, flag leaf angle, SPAD value, peduncle length, internode length, tillering capacity and plant height were measured. Results showed that growth indices (TDM, CGR, SLW and LAI) of improved cultivars were greater than landraces. But RGR and NAR of landraces were higher than improved cultivars. Neda had the greatest LAI (5.7) and highest grain yield. Cultivars which had the greatest and the lowest TDM, had the highest and the lowest grain yield, respectively (Onda and Ramezan Ali Tarom). In this study, landraces had taller plant height, less tillering capacity and lower grain yield than improved cultivars. The modern cultivars had greater number of vascular bundles and flag leaf vein than landraces. Onda had the greatest SPAD value (48.35). Neda had the highest panicle/m2 because of greater fertile tillering number. Indica improved cultivars, due to high tillering capacity, Total Dry Matter, Crop Growth Rate, Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index had higher grain yield. However landraces had lower tillering capacity, Total Dry Matter, Crop Growth Rate, Leaf Area Index and Harvest Index therefore lower grain yield. It is concluded that increasing grain yield in rice can be achieved ruough increasing total dry matter and improveing physiological indices.

Research Iris Pseudacorus is a perennial herbaceous plant with yellow flowers belonging to the Iridaceae family which is used as an ornamental plant. The light changes led to different morphogenetic and photosynthetic responses in some ornamental plants. LED lights could improve the growth and physiological development of plantlets and affects the morphogenesis and secondary metabolite production of plants. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of the LED lights on the growth, development, physiological and morphological indices of the Iris Pseudacorus.Research This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with two factors of light intensity (1500 and 3000 lux) and light quality 100% white (control), 100% red light, 100% blue light, 20% red + 80% blue, 40% red + 60% blue, 60% red + 40% blue and 80% red + 20% Blue} by using 4 replications The measured morphological and physiological traits were leaf number and length, leaf area, fresh weight, percentage of regeneration, Survival rate, root number and length, total phenol and flavonoid, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoid. Analysis of variance results showed that the interaction of different light intensities and qualities on the evaluated indices was not significant. It also indicated that the light intensity treatment had a significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaf area and total phenol content (P<0.01) and fresh weight, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, total flavonoids content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (P<0.05). Also, light quality treatment significantly affected total phenols and flavonoid content (P<0.01). A comparison of the mean for the effect of different light intensities indicated that the highest leaf number, leaf length, leaf area, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, and also the highest fresh weight, total phenol, total flavonoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll was observed in 3000 lux light intensity. Also, a comparison of the mean data obtained from the effect of different light qualities showed that the highest amount of total phenol (mg GAE / g FW038.3) and total flavonoids (GAE / g FW 8.796 mg) was observed in 100% blue light treatment. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that light intensity compared to different light qualities has a more significant influence on morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro plantlets of the Yellow Flag. The results also indicated that with increasing light intensity from 1500 to 3000 lux, morphological and physiological indices of Yellow Flag plantlets were significantly enhanced. It indicates that increasing light intensity in mass and commercial production of this plant under in vitro conditions would be effective.

Iron chlorosis is an important disorder of plane trees (Plantanus orintalis L.) in green space of Isfahan city. Before using reclamation methods for correcting Fe chlorosis, it is necessary to find a suitable index for evaluating plant Fe status. Therefore, activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP) enzyme and concentration of carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b pigments, as physiological indices of active Fe, were compared to total Fe concentration in leaves to evaluate Fe status in plane trees. For this purpose, severity of chlorosis of plane trees at different regions of Isfahan city was recorded. Then, 73 trees with different severity of chlorosis symptoms were selected and their leaves were sampled on July 2009 and 2010. Concentration of Fe, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in leaves as well as activity of GP enzyme were measured. Results showed large variation in leaf Fe concentration between young and old leaves and also between leaves with different chlorosis severity symptoms. No correlation was found between leaf Fe chlorophyll concentration and severity of chlorosis symptoms. Also, concentrations of chlorophyll a in young and old leaves with very severe chlorosis symptoms were 44 and 37% smaller than that in young and old leaves with slight chlorosis symptoms, respectively. Concentration of chlorophyll b in young and old leaves with very severe chlorosis symptoms were 40 and 37% smaller than that in young and old leaves with slight chlorosis symptoms, respectively. Concentration of carotenoids varied among young and old leaves with different severity of chlorosis symptoms. Activity of GP in young leaves was also reduced by intensifying severity of chlorosis symptoms. According to the result of the present study, activity of GP enzyme and leaf concentration of carotenoids and chlorophyll a, as suitable physiological indices of active Fe, had close correlation with severity of Fe chlorosis in plane trees. Also, deficiency of active Fe in leaves is a probable reason of chlorosis symptoms in plane trees.