Experience in the world، shows that the positive effect applying ergonomics in the improving work conditions، improving of quality and quantity of production، reduce prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders، saving costs and increase of productivity in the different contents. There are in possible only using of properly improving work condition system and Macroergonomics approach. The aim of the study was how determine situation and analyzing the working conditions the Macroergonomics approach in a Power Plant Industry. This study is a cross-sectional study. First، the programme for improvement of work conditions using three questionnaires were evaluated include of managers viewpoint (29 samples)، health، safety and environment employees viewpoint (5 samples) and operating workers viewpoint (85 samples) and then three other instruments of Macroergonomics was used. According to the results of 1) questionnaires and corresponding tests، three of the program''s goals of improving working conditions and promotion practices that have the same opinions، but in some cases had different opinions. 2) Future workshops and interviews، the lack of participatory leadership and lack of collaborative work systems for the company stated. 3) Apply Ergonomics Checklist of ILO، an appropriate interaction between the top and bottom surfaces revealed. Awakened needs of change in the middle and lower levels of organization to solve problems relate to improving working conditions of the system was created. To implement an Ergonomics Intervention Programme Technique Process requires the full support management and employees.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between macroergonomics score and job satisfaction among industrial employees. 

 This cross-sectional study was done among 83 employees from a factory affiliated with Iran Khodro Company. Two questionnaires including Minnesota Job Satisfaction and Macroergonomics Condition have been used. Finally, the collected data was evaluated and analyzed through SPSS 10 software program. 

 The mean age of the subjects in this study was 30.8 and the work experience of 56.6% of them was between 4 and 7 years. The average macroergonomics score in the whole group in this study was 59.8. The maximum score given to this condition was 85, and the minimum score was 30. Also, the mean of job satisfaction score among the subjects was 60.5. The highest job satisfaction score was related to supervisors, which was about 69.2. There was a significant relationship between the general area of macroergonomics and job satisfaction. (r = 0.638, P-value <0.001). 

 This study showed the higher macroergonomic scores, the better the work conditions, and, therefore, the employee's job satisfactions improve.

Human and his performance is a vital factor in protection of asset including environmental properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of total system design factors (TSD) on human performance in a power plant. The TSD factors are defined as design factors, which have impact on overall performance of the power plants in context of total human engineering or macroergonomics. The systems being studied are the control rooms and maintenance departments of a 2000 MW thermal power plant. To achieve the above objective, the TSD factors were addressed and assessed through a detailed questionnaire. The relationships between TSD factors and human performance were then examined through non-parametric correlation analysis (Kramer’s Phi) and Kruskal-Wallis test of means. The results of this study show that the macroergonomic factors such as organizational and safety procedures, teamwork, self-organization, job design and information exchange, influence human performance in the power plant. The findings also suggest that the selected macroergonomic factors are correlated to human performance and must be considered, designed and tested concurrently with the engineering factors at the design phase of the system developmental cycle. Consequently, total system’s faults and organizational errors are reduced to an acceptable level and human performance is significantly increased. The main goal in such program is customer''s satisfaction (Internal customers). However, more elaboration on the scientific tools for implementation of TDS factors in context of human performance is also under investigation.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety climate as an important part of macroergonomics domains and to determine the importance of each safety climate factor in an Iranian company. For data gathering, the researchers used Macroergonomic Organizational Questionnaire Survey (MOQS) method. For conducting this method we applied safety climate questionnaire which has been presented by Vinodkumar et al. After distribution of questionnaires through our samples with accuracy of 5% and confidence level of 95% and gathering the questionnaires, data were analyzed using SPSS V.16 software and Entropy. The number of returned valid questionnaires was 134 out of 151 and response rate was 88.74%. Questionnaire’s reliability which assessed by Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.928. The results indicated that mean of safety climate score was 154/84; and 68.7% of workers had positive safety attitudes. In addition, we found a significant relationship between ages on safety climate (P< 0.05). The highest and lowest weights, which are obtained by entropy, belong to safeness of work environment and emergency preparedness in the organization with weights of 0.197 and 0.144 respectively. Considering catastrophic consequences of accidents in petrochemical industry, the results show the importance of attention to safety principles and to develop a positive employee attitudes related to safety.

Occupational accident in ports with enormous transports and handling materials is probable, although preventable. Scientific documents have been reported a direct and strong relation between human personality, psychological factors, safety perceptions and accidents in industries and organizations. Present study (2014) has been designed in a port was located in the south of Iran to assess job burnout and safety climate components which are effective on occupational accidents.
All workers of an active company (n=60) in an Iranian south ports were included in the present cross-sectional study. Job burnout and safety climate were assessed by Maslach and Vinodkumar questionnaires, respectively. In addition, Demographic data and occupational accidents were survived applying a self-reporting questionnaire. Data was analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA, using SPSS V20.
The age was 31.58±5.71 and also, work experience was 7.75±4.78 years. Regard to outcomes of analysis, job burnout score was calculated as 76.17±8.9 and safety climate was determined equals to 188.7±23.07. There were significant differences (p The results indicate a relation between job burnout, safety climate and occupational accident. Therefore, it is important to prevent and manage burnout through some specific actions like occupational software and hardware redesign approaches. Applying an Integrating macroergonomics and safety climate model in a socio-technical system framework for safety climate improvement was recommended to manage workplace condition and accident prevention.

Working at height has always been considered as one of the most dangerous industrial activities. Worker's fitness including their physical and psychological ability plays a key role in prevention of occupational accidents. This research was conducted to investigate the physical and mental fitness of telecommunication tower climbers as well as their job stress.
This cross-sectional study was conducted among employees of a contracting company which worked in the field of telecommunication tower installation in Iran during 2016. Sixty out of 93 workers voluntarily participated in this study. Data collection tools were the Persian version of the Work Ability Index (WAI), the Persian version of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Stress Indicator Tool and an author-developed measure to assess socio-demographic characteristics. Data was analyzed through statistical tests such as independent t-test, univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multivariate linear regression; using SPSS 19 software.
Worker's mean ± SD WAI score was 29.17± 10.33 and for work-related stress was 3.08 ± 1.80. There was a significant relation between WAI and educational level, job tenure, hours of sleep per day, regular exercise, and second job. The repression modeling explained 67.4% of the total variance (adjusted R2) 0f the WAI score. Among the dimensions of work related stress, control (β = 0.21) and changes (β = -0. 40) were significant predictors of the WAI score.
To improve the worker’s work ability, intervention programs should focus on promoting level of job control, sleep quality and exercise. Additionally, implementing a comprehensive macroergonomics and participatory program for increase involvement the workers in organization changes should be considered.

Macroargonomics is a socio-technical approach that aims to improve the work system of organizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the research orientation of macroargonomics in Iran based on research published in Persian.

The present study is a review and content analysis that was performed on studies in the field of macroargonomics in Iran. Scientific-research databases with the keywords "macro-ergonomics", "participatory ergonomics", "participatory ergonomics", "macro-ergonomics", "comprehensive ergonomics" and "organizational ergonomics" which were published in Persian; Were examined. In addition to the descriptive analysis of extracted articles, a qualitative evaluation of the articles was performed in order to determine the orientation of the studies.

The 64 studies were introduced to the study between 1997 and 2018. 55.51% (the highest frequency) of studies was in the years 2012-2018. Most of these studies have been conducted in the field of industry and fewer of them in the field of education. Most of articles addressed the modification of working system to reduce the musculoskeletal disorders and increase the quality of work life by utilizing qualitative, descriptive- analytical, and interventional methods.

Macroargonomics has been used in all areas and has presented positive results. However, the position of macro-ergonomics in Iran in all areas, especially in small and medium industries is low and requires more applied research. On the other hand, in addition to publishing dissertations and articles, how to do their work and their effectiveness should be presented to decision makers and senior managers to lead to the need to understand why the work system is reformed.

High workloads are a major challenge to health care workers, especially first-line supporters, who are assistant nurses, and this has many negative consequences. this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the workload of nursing assistants in one of Tehran hospitals.

The research is descriptive-qualitative with the method of qualitative content analysis. With the participation of 13 assistant nurses who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and after each interview, the data were loaded and analyzed in MAX QDA software and this process continued until data saturation.

In the findings of continuous data analysis, a total of 473 codes were found in the factors affecting workload in the process of nursing assistants' work system. Finally, they were classified into five categories of Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model (person, task, organization, tools, equipment, and environment).

most factors affecting workload are obtained in the organizational component and the least in the environmental component of the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model, which indicates the high role of interpersonal relationships in the workplace and hospital rules on the workload of nursing assistants.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder is a multifactorial complication that leads to a loss of work time, inability, and increased economic cost. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the musculoskeletal disorders of tea harvesting workers.

The current descriptive-qualitative research was conducted with directed content analysis where in 14 participating tea pluckers were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected by semi-structured interview method and were then analyzed in MAXQDA12 software. In this study, Carayon’s SEIPS model was used as a predetermined framework for the macroergonomics approach.

The numbers of 214 primary codes, 56 important codes, 17 subcategories, and 5 main categories (i.e., individual, task-related, tools and technologies, environment-related factors and organizational) were obtained as the effective factors in musculoskeletal disorders among tea harvesting workers in the results of continuous analysis. Important codes extracted from the interview in the individual category including (age, gender, previous work experience in tea plucking, feeling very tired, etc.), task-related category (improper posture, exerting force on trunk and hand, etc.), the category of tools and equipment (the long length of the bag attached to the hand tool for picking tea, etc.), the category related to environmental factors (surfaces uphill and downhill), the height of the tea plant (short and tall), the type of tea harvesting area (plains and mountains, etc.) and organizational category (lack of sufficient training on the correct way of doing work, lack of support and support from the employer and threat of dismissal (lack of job security) and...).

Considering that agricultural jobs (especially tea harvesting) have diversity in the nature of tasks compared to industrial tasks, among the different factors on musculoskeletal disorders in this job, it can be attributed to the greater activity of women in this job due to the need for High physical activity, manual handling of tea bags (60 to 80 kg), using traditional hand tools, humidity and temperature of the working environment (working outdoors in the summer season and under rain), working environment (height of the tea plant, limited access to all tea plant space), the uneven surface of the ground during activity, applying force on the hand (crossing movements of hand tools while working), not establishing a shift work system and working hours over 12 hours. In order to prevent these disorders, a multi-faceted approach of actions from these factors is needed, which can be ergonomic redesign of tea growers' work tools, improvement of tea plants and work space, training of ergonomic principles of body posture and load handling, creating insurance coverage and Other related cases were mentioned in this study.

Background & Aims of the Study: Investigating and recognizing effective internal factors of organizations has always been one of the concerns in pursuit of organizational goals and to raise level of personnel’s safety, welfare and job performance. This study was aimed to evaluate psychometric characteristics of Organizational Diagnosis Questionnaire (ODQ) in small-scale industries in Hamedan province in Iran, 2016. This analytical study was conducted among 397 employees who were selected by simple random sampling. The ODQ questionnaire contains 35 questions, which consists of seven factors. A demographic questionnaire and Paterson's job performance questionnaire were used too. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent, and face validity, internal reliability, and test-retest were used to analyze data through SPSS V20 and LISREL V8.5. The mean of total questionnaire was 3.1±1.08. Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. Results of CFA supported seven dimensions model. Pearson's analysis also showed a correlation between ODQ’s factors and job performance (p<0.001). Rewards as a motivational factor was inferior to the other factors. However, relationships, supervisory and purposes were acceptable. The Persian version of ODQ is appropriate for assessing internal conditions in Persian language organizations and it was related to job performance.