The present study considers the factors affecting the use of medicinal plants. Requested data sets were obtained from 200 urban households in Rasht city. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that its face validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was also evaluated (Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.806). After analyzing the correlation of factors affecting the consumption behavior of medicinal plants, in order to examine the simultaneous effect of explanatory variables on the consumption behavior of medicinal plants, the probit model was used. The most frequent treatment of the disease with medicine plants occurred in the age group of 18-24 years old and the most frequent used medicine plants are Pennyroyal (6.5%), Thyme (4.5%) and Mint (4%). The results of the probit model showed that the belief in the effectiveness of medicine plants, the history of treatment with medicine plants in the household and knowing the valid supply center location of medicine plants have significant effects on the consumption of medical plants in the urban household of Rasht.

Today, one of the most important problem in society is the increasing rate of population. As far as, the study on the effect medicine plants is so important. Because some of the medicine plants plays an important role on reduction the reproduction. In this study the effect alcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi fruit on rat´s fetuses and measuring the rate of its effect on reproduction at the 15th day of pregnancy was investigated. Twenty female rat randomly divided in 4 groups including control,experimental 1, 2, 3 groups that each one included 5 rats. Experimental 1 group received 8g/kg body weight and experimental 2 group,10g/kg body weight and experimental 3 group,12g/kg body weight alcoholic extract of physalis alkekengi fruit at the 6th day of pregnancy. 217 fetuses removed from uterus at the 15th day of pregnancy to study according to morphologic and histologic. The present data showed that alcoholic extract physalis alkekengi fruit's intraperitoneal injection at the 6th day of pregnancy caused significant reduction fetuses weight in experimental groups and reduction of crown rump length in experimental 2, 3 groups in comparison with control group. Studies on liver and heart tissue indicated that the number of liver megakaryocytes and the number of liver and heart non- differentiation red blood cells in experimental 1and 2, 3 groups have increased significantly in comparison with control group. Moreover study on fetuses vertebral column in experimental 1and 2, 3 groups in comparison with control group shows a significant increase in vertebral column curvature. Also morphometry studies showed that all of embryos control group were healthy but in embryos experimental groups from example hypodermic bloodshed, abnormal increase vertebral column curvature and also number abortive embryo. Alcoholic extract Physalis alkekengi fruit probably can have negative effects on fetuses deficiency development and cell differentiation of some cells. According to reported physiological effects of physalins such as physalin F, alcoholic extract teratogenic effects might be related to physalin F. But it´s essential to have more quantitative and qualitative researches in order to have conclusive result.Thus it is recommended to pregnant womenfolk than up to researches completion about this medicinal plant have not used this plant in pregnancy period.

Most essential oil extraction from medicine plant have shown the properties of antimicrobial of parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The fungus from genus of Fusarium is one of the prevalent crop disease that infect a wide range of crops. Fusarium solani is one of the species of this fungus genus that various crops are host for it. A lab experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of alone and in combination applied of essential oils of medicine plants, lavender) Lavandula angustifolia) and Savory (Satureja hortensis) on control growth of the fungus. The experiment was completely randomized factorial design with two factors, different essential oils (essential oil of lavender and Savory) and various concentration of essential oils (0, 50, 75 and 100 ppm). Treatments were replicated in five. Result showed that essential oil extracted from Savory is more effective in inhibitory growth of F. solani than essential oil of lavender. Using both essential oil and applied at the various levels of their concentrations did not completely inhibit growth of the fungus F. solani. But using mixed essential oil of both plants and at the highest concentration level (100 ppm) completely inhibited the growth of F. Solani.

IntroductionThe main function of the fibrinolytic system is to dissolve fibrin clots in circulation. This system is composed of inactive precursor plasminogen which can be converted into plasmin by the proteolytic enzymes like tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Fibrinolytic properties can be found in a variety of medicine plants and they could effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVD). One of these medicine plants is Allium sativum, which was used for its antiplatlet and fibrinolytic effects in patients with CVD (garlic).This study considers to find the fibrinolytic effect of the various concentration of garlic extract and the time of the most effect.MethodsGarlic extracts were prepared using 70% ethanol, and labeling fibrinogen with fluorescent agent to create a labeled clot. Then 10, 25 and 50µg/µl of garlic extract were separately added to plasma environment and finally the labeled clots were inserted. At the end fluorescence intensity of the supernatant was measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16).ResultsThe results indicated that garlic extract showed fibrinolytic effect significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Various concentrations of garlic extract showed significant different rise in the fibrinolytic activity of blood clot in different time (p<0.05). Desirable result obtained in the lower concentration of (10µg/µl) after 7 hours. ConclusionGarlic extract displayed the fibrinolytic activity which concentration and time factors of exposure influenced it but the minimum concentration and the maximum time showed the best result.

Investigating genetic diversity in plant species provides a platform for further insight in plant breeding and conservation. Therefore, in the present study genetic diversity of 13 geographically isolated genotypes of Zhumeria majdea, as a seriously endangered medicine plant growing exclusively in Hormozgan province (South of Iran) was studied. To do so, the leaf samples of Z. majdea were collected from the main growing habitats of this spices including Haji Abad, Geno and Bastak regions. The collected leaf samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR assay, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Twelve markers produced totally 121 polymorphic bands and revealed a clear-cut among and within Z. majdea genotypes. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 86% and 14% variations within and among populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into four main groups. The first and second principle coordinates allocated 28.81% and 15.71% of the variations, respectively. In addition to the innate differences of the individuals, the high intra population variation of Z. majdea, can also be explained by differences in the presence or absence of endophytes and differences in the type and genetic pattern of their endophytes.

Scientists are seeking an appropriate alternative method for curing infections caused by resistant bacteria, since drug resistance is continually increasing..
This research aims to discover the function of some medicine plants on pestiferous Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in humans..
Bacterial strains were obtained from a standard laboratory. The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and E.coli ATCC25922 bacteria were used for antimicrobial testing of the extractions..
Our results showed that Teucrium polium extracts have the minimum density of inhibitory for Escherichia coli, 25 ppm, whereas the maximum of this is for Peganum harmala and Prangos ferulaceae with 100 ppm. The lowest minimum concentration inhibitory value of extracts P. harmala, T. polium, T. pratensis and Rumex was found in 25 ppm against P.aeruginosa..
The results of our study showed that plant extracts have good antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli..

Anthemis hyalina DC. is one of the most important herbal medicine plants and is used for anti-allergy and curing skin rashes or acne. To date there is no report for in vitro culture of this species and the present study was performed for the first time with the aim of obtaining the optimized treatment for shoot regeneration. In this research the effect of different plant growth regulators NAA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.5 mg L-1) and BA (0, 1, 3 mg L-1) on callus induction and shoot regeneration in leaf and immature embryo explants was investigated. This experiment has been carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed the significant effects of all main factors and interactions on measured traits in 0.01 probability level. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration for leaf explant was observed on the medium containing 1 mg L-1 BA. In embryo explant the best treatment for shoot regeneration was 3 mg L-1 BA.

Brucella under effects of agents such as penicillin, glycin and some hormones could convert to L-form. L-forms are possible during disease or latent brucellosis and interfering in renew relapsing disease. Garlic is a medicine plant that allicin the most important antimicrobial, is its compound. In this study after garlic choloroformic extract prepared and quantity of allicin calculated; MIC and MBC for two strains (B.melitensis Rev1 and B.abortus S19) was calculated. Effect of extract on Brucella morphology in subMIC concentrations; effect of time and temperature on extract activity and antimicrobial effect of extract with sucrose were studied. Results indicated that antimicrobial effect of allicin is temperature independent and showing its effect on bacteria in two hours. Also L-forms were not isolated in subMIC concentrations.

Considering bad effects of applying antibiotics and disinfectants which leads to drug resistances in body of aquatic organisms, it is necessary to be replaced with herbal medicine plants that have natural origin.The study aims to examine the effect of the hydro alcoholic extracts Zataria multiflora and garlic (Allium sativum) on Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study after extraction of Allium sativum and Zataria multiflora extracts by percolation method the antimicrobial effects of this extracts were studied on Aeromonas hydrophila by in vitro method . In this study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration  (MIC) of bacteria by the dilution method on Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) in culture tubes and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila by garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydro alchoholic extracts on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates were determined. Based on the results MIC of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila of ethanol extracts of Zataria multiflora and garlic, respectively, 0.25 and 1 mg/ml and MBC of ethanol extracts of Zataria multiflora and garlic respectively 0.5 and 2 mg/ml was determined and found Zataria multiflora extract has strong antibacterial effects of garlic extract.

Medicinal plant had uses as a major source of medicine since thousand years ago. Using approach such as cell, organ and tissue culture, as well as genetic engineering and molecular markers, biotechnology is able to extend application and effacing of medicinal plant as renewable sources in production of medicine. Cell, tissue and organ culture, has facilitated the massive and rapid propagation of a large number of medicine plant. Propagated plants through in vitro methods are free-disease and uniform in terms of quality and genetics. Cryopreservation (Long-term Conversation in liquid nitrogen) is a useful approach in preserving endangered plant spices. Over recent years, cell and organ suspension culture has gone notices for providing secondary metabolites and studying metabolite biosynthesis pathway. So far, cell culture for a wide range medicinal plants have been investigated, and fundamental compounds such as flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids have been produce. Some of the most significant factors in increasing production of secondary metabolites in cell culture are as follows. Genetic engineering has played in important role in identification and genetic modification of enzymes, involved in metabolic biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with limited efficiency yield. Due to their independence on age, physiological and environmental conditions, molecular markers are plant special and studying genetic diversity, classification of inheriting pool and determination of genetic map. This article is a review of different biotechnological approaches which are effective in improving efficiency and production of high quality.